劍橋雅思真題解析閱讀9(test3)
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劍橋雅思閱讀9原文(test3)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Attitudes to language
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations from it are said to be ‘incorrect’.
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.
These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe — to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.
In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms — of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.
2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.
3 Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.
4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.
5 Prescriptivism still exists today.
6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.
7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.
8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.
Questions 9-12
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.
The language debate
According to 9______, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ______.
Conversely, the view of 11 ______, such as Joseph Priestly, is that grammar should be based on 12 ______.
A descriptivists B language experts C popular speech
D formal language E evaluation F rules
G modern linguists H prescriptivists I change
Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?
A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books
B. to present a historical account of differing views of language
C. to describe the differences between spoken and written language
D. to show how a certain view of language has been discredited
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Tidal Power
Undersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all the signs are that they will play a significant role in the future
A. Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant. The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.
B. Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power — and at prices competitive with modern gas turbines and undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under the sea, and another at Alderney in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly the channel between Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.
C. Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s sustainable energy research group. The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Southampton research, said: ‘The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton has been awarded ￡215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified 106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.
D. A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of the size of wind generator to produce three times as much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be environmental objections. Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a tower which will connect to the national power supply grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed from the blades.
E. Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site, where there are powerful currents. The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.
F. One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce performance. Another slight concern is submerged debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know how much of a problem it might be. We will have to make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile environment, but all the signs that we can do it are good.’
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 the location of the first test site
15 a way of bringing the power produced on one site back into Britain
16 a reference to a previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of energy
17 mention of the possibility of applying technology from another industry
Questions 18-22
Choose FIVE letters, A-J.
Write the correct letters in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
Which FIVE of the following claims about tidal power are made by the writer?
A It is a more reliable source of energy than wind power.
B It would replace all other forms of energy in Britain.
C Its introduction has come as a result of public pressure.
D It would cut down on air pollution.
E It could contribute to the closure of many existing power stations in Britain.
F It could be a means of increasing national income.
G It could face a lot of resistance from other fuel industries.
H It could be sold more cheaply than any other type of fuel.
I It could compensate for the shortage of inland sites for energy production.
J It is best produced in the vicinity of coastlines with particular features.
Questions 23-26
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
An Undersea Turbine
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Information theory-the big idea
Information theory lies at the heart of everything — from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our lives
A. In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1997, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realized that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometers from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.
B. It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques developed by American communications engineer Claude Shannon, who had died just a year earlier. Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer technology when still a student. While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes — any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.
C. This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the concept of ‘information’. The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false — which can be captured in the binary unit, or ‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place. In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference — ‘noise’ — intact.
D. Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere with genuine information. Information theory generalses this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This rate depends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the absolute maximum rate of error-free communication given singal strength and noise leve. The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up —‘coding’ — information to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying capacity —‘bandwidth’ — of the communication system being used.
E. Over the years scientists have devised many such coding methods, and they have proved crucial in many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have become part of everyday life — such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes —which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.
F. Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by stripping out superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which contributed little real information. As mobile phone text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction, however, there’s a limit beyond which messages become too ambiguous. Shannon showed how to calculate this limit, opening the way to the design of compression methods that cram maximum information into the minimum space.
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27 an explanation of the factors affecting the transmission of information
28 an example of how unnecessary information can be omitted
29 a reference to Shannon’s attitude to fame
30 details of a machine capable of interpreting incomplete information
31 a detailed account of an incident involving information theory
32 a reference to what Shannon initially intended to achieve in his research
Questions 33-37
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS form the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
The Voyager 1 Space Probe
? The probe transmitted pictures of both 33______ and ______, then left the 34 ______.
? The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space probe.
? Scientists feared that both the 35 ______ and ______ were about to stop working.
? The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with 36 ______ — but distance made communication with the probe difficult.
? A 37 ______ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.
? The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.
Questions 38-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passge 3?
In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
38 The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.
39 The amount of information that can be sent in a given time period is determined with reference to the signal strength and noise level.
40 Products have now been developed which can convey more information than Shannon had anticipated as possible.
劍橋雅思閱讀9原文參考譯文(test3)
PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：
對(duì)語言的態(tài)度
對(duì)于語言進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)、客觀的研究并不容易。語言學(xué)上的普通爭(zhēng)論通常會(huì)升級(jí)為謾罵和論戰(zhàn)。語言屬于 所有人，所以大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為他們有權(quán)保留自己對(duì)語言的看法。而當(dāng)看法出現(xiàn)分歧時(shí)，人們可能變得情緒激 動(dòng)。語言用法方面的一點(diǎn)小事，就能像語言學(xué)教育政策中的重大問題一樣很容易引起爭(zhēng)論。
另外，語言是一種非常公開的行為，所以語言的不同用法很容易引起人們的注意與批評(píng)。所有社會(huì)組 成部分或者社會(huì)行為無一例外。語言因素影響我們?nèi)绾闻袛嘁粋€(gè)人的個(gè)性、智力、社會(huì)地位、教育程度、工作能力以及許多關(guān)于身份與社會(huì)生存的其他方面。因此，當(dāng)無意間發(fā)生語言攻擊時(shí)，人們很容易傷害他人 或受到傷害。
就其最通常的意義而言，規(guī)定主義認(rèn)為某種語言向來就比其他語言具有更高的價(jià)值，并且這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)該 適用于整個(gè)語言社會(huì)。該觀點(diǎn)是特別針對(duì)語法和詞匯而提出的，但也經(jīng)常涉及發(fā)音。這里提到的具有更高 價(jià)值的語言通常指的是“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”書面語言，尤其是在文學(xué)作品或最能體現(xiàn)這一特點(diǎn)的正式口語中。該語言的支持者其說話或者寫作的方法被稱為“正確的”方法，而任何偏差都被認(rèn)為是“錯(cuò)誤的”。
對(duì)所有主要語言的研究都是約定俗成的，尤其在18世紀(jì)對(duì)語法與詞典的編寫過程中。這些早期的語法 學(xué)家有以下三個(gè)目標(biāo)：(a)他們想把語言規(guī)則編寫成文，證明看起來混亂的用法有其系統(tǒng)性;(b)找出一種 方法來解決關(guān)于語言用法的爭(zhēng)論;(c)指出他們所認(rèn)為的普遍錯(cuò)誤，以便“改善”語言。該方法對(duì)語法“規(guī)則”的依賴最能體現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)裁的本質(zhì)。其中一些用法是“約定俗成的”，要嚴(yán)格學(xué)習(xí)和遵守;而另外一些用法則是“禁止”的，是要避免的。在早期，沒有折中的衡量方法：語言用法非對(duì)即錯(cuò)，而語法家的任務(wù)不只是記錄 不同的語法，還要對(duì)其進(jìn)行判斷。
這些態(tài)度現(xiàn)在仍然伴隨著我們,并且引起人們對(duì)保留語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的廣泛關(guān)注。然而另一個(gè)不同的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，應(yīng)該更多地關(guān)注語言用法的事實(shí)，而不是語言用法的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該觀點(diǎn)可以總結(jié)為：語法家的任務(wù)是描述而不是規(guī)定，是記錄語言多樣性的實(shí)例而不是試圖完成評(píng)價(jià)語言的差異或阻止語言的改變這樣不可能完成的任務(wù)。在18世紀(jì)后半期，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了該觀點(diǎn)的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley,他在1761年編寫的《英語語法人門》中堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，“說話的習(xí)慣是最原始的、也是所有語言的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。有人認(rèn)為語言問題是不能用邏輯與立法來解決的，這種觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)語法分析方法的宗旨。
在我們這個(gè)時(shí)代，“描述派”與“規(guī)定派”之間的對(duì)立經(jīng)常變得很極端，雙方經(jīng)常互相誤解。描述派語法家一直被認(rèn)為不注重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在他們看來，各種用法都同樣是合理的。而規(guī)定派語法家一直被認(rèn)為盲目遵循歷史傳統(tǒng)。雙方的對(duì)立甚至表現(xiàn)在類似政治的術(shù)語上——激進(jìn)自由主義與精英保守主義。
TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
潮汐發(fā)電
在水下安裝渦輪機(jī)利用潮汐發(fā)電，將成為英國獲得可再生能源的一個(gè)重要途徑?，F(xiàn)在預(yù)測(cè)潮汐發(fā)電可能產(chǎn)生的影響還為時(shí)過早，但是種.種跡象表明，未來潮汐發(fā)電將發(fā)揮重要作用。
A和風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的運(yùn)行原理一樣，水力渦輪機(jī)的動(dòng)力來自潮流，在潮流的作用下輪機(jī)葉片像船只的螺旋槳一樣工作。但是與風(fēng)不同的是，潮汐是可預(yù)測(cè)的，而且其輸人功率是恒定的。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)為英國可再生能源的自給自足開辟了廣闊的前景，同時(shí)也大大降低了二氧化碳的排放量。如果潮汐、風(fēng)力和海浪發(fā)電都能得到開發(fā)，那么英國就能關(guān)閉天然氣、煤炭和核能發(fā)電站，并向歐洲其他地區(qū)出口可再生能源。與之前開發(fā)風(fēng)能有所不同一風(fēng)能由英國首先開發(fā)，而后卻擱置了20年，最后由荷蘭將其發(fā)展成一個(gè)主要產(chǎn)業(yè)，這次通過向日本與新西蘭這樣的島國出口水下渦輪機(jī)，英國將賺取巨額外匯。
B已經(jīng)確定選址的潮汐發(fā)電站將為英國提供六分之一甚至更多的電力，而且其價(jià)格與現(xiàn)代汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電價(jià)格相比更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，同時(shí)可以使已經(jīng)深陷困境的核工業(yè)的核能價(jià)格降低。僅僅是位于奧克尼島和蘇格蘭大陸之間的彭特蘭灣的一個(gè)潮汐發(fā)電站，其水下的數(shù)排渦輪機(jī)就能提供英國所需10%的電量。另一個(gè)位于海峽群島內(nèi)奧爾德尼島的發(fā)電站，其裝機(jī)容量是英國最大、最新核電站裝機(jī)容量的三倍，而這一位于薩?？丝さ馁惼濏f爾B核電站的最大裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到1,200兆瓦。其他已經(jīng)確定的潮汐發(fā)電站選址包括布里斯托爾海峽和蘇格蘭西海岸，特別是位于坎貝爾敦與北愛爾蘭之間的海峽。
C南安普敦大學(xué)的可持續(xù)能源研究小組在新渦輪機(jī)葉片的設(shè)計(jì)和潮汐發(fā)電站的選址方面的工作進(jìn)行得很順利。第一個(gè)潮汐發(fā)電站預(yù)計(jì)很快將在德文郡的林茅斯海岸建立，用來檢測(cè)貿(mào)易與工業(yè)部和歐盟的一個(gè)合資項(xiàng)目研發(fā)的技術(shù)。南安普敦大學(xué)可持續(xù)能源研究小組的負(fù)責(zé)人AbuBakr Bahaj表示：“潮流發(fā)電的前景要比風(fēng)力發(fā)電好得多，因?yàn)槌绷骺梢灶A(yù)測(cè)而且恒定不變。應(yīng)對(duì)海底惡劣鹽漬環(huán)境的技術(shù)已經(jīng)在北海油田工業(yè)中得以研發(fā)，而且得益于對(duì)風(fēng)力發(fā)電及船只螺旋槳等技術(shù)的積累，人們對(duì)渦輪機(jī)葉片的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)有了很多了解。雖然目前有一些技術(shù)上的困難，但是我相信在未來的五到十年之間我們將建立商業(yè)性的水力發(fā)電場(chǎng)。”南安普敦大學(xué)在三年多里已經(jīng)獲得了215,000英鎊用于制造渦輪機(jī)，并且正與IT 能源公司的子公司海洋洋流渦輪機(jī)公司合作開展林茅斯項(xiàng)目。歐盟的研究巳經(jīng)確定了106處潛在的潮汐發(fā)電站選址，其中80%位于英國海岸線附近。最好的位置是在島嶼之間或者犬牙交錯(cuò)的海岸線附近，這些地方擁有強(qiáng)大的潮流。
D水力渦輪機(jī)葉片只需要有風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)葉片三分之一的大小，就能產(chǎn)生風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)三倍的電力。由于葉片的直徑大約為20米，所以需要方圓30米左右的水域進(jìn)行發(fā)電。與風(fēng)力發(fā)電不同的是,水力發(fā)電對(duì)環(huán)境造成的影響很小，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)相對(duì)較慢的渦輪機(jī)葉片對(duì)魚類和其他生物不會(huì)帶來危害。每一臺(tái)渦輪機(jī)都會(huì)安 裝在機(jī)塔上，機(jī)塔通過水下電纜與國家電網(wǎng)連接。這些機(jī)塔將會(huì)露出水面并且被點(diǎn)亮，用于警示過往船只，同時(shí)也便于維護(hù)渦輪機(jī)葉片以及清理其中的海藻。
E Bahaj博士已經(jīng)完成了奧爾德尼發(fā)電站的大部分工作，那里的海域有著強(qiáng)大的潮流。僅僅這一個(gè)水下渦輪機(jī)群的發(fā)電量就遠(yuǎn)比海峽群島所需要的電量還要多，其中大部分電量將運(yùn)輸?shù)椒▏娋W(wǎng)，然后通過水下電纜重新進(jìn)人英國。
F空化是一項(xiàng)技術(shù)難題，渦輪機(jī)葉片轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中會(huì)使經(jīng)過的區(qū)域氣壓降低，從而產(chǎn)生氣泡，這會(huì)引起渦輪機(jī)葉片振動(dòng)從而損壞葉片。Bahaj博士說：“我們必須檢測(cè)大量不同的渦輪機(jī)葉片以避免這個(gè)問題的發(fā) 生，至少確保渦輪機(jī)不受損害或其性能不受影響。另一個(gè)讓人稍有擔(dān)心的問題是水下雜物會(huì)鉆進(jìn)渦輪機(jī)葉片中，但是目前我們還不清楚這個(gè)問題的嚴(yán)重性。海洋中環(huán)境惡劣，我們必須使渦輪機(jī)非常堅(jiān)固，而各種事實(shí)證明我們能夠做到這一點(diǎn)?！?/p>
TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
信息理論——偉大的構(gòu)想
從根本上說，信息理論是一切事物的中心——從DVD播放器、DNA遺傳密碼，到宇宙物理學(xué)。一直以來信息理論對(duì)通信科學(xué)的發(fā)展都極為重要，它使數(shù)據(jù)可以電子化傳送，因而也對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生了重大影響。
A 2002年4月發(fā)生的一件事展現(xiàn)了信息理論的一大應(yīng)用。1977年發(fā)射的太空探測(cè)器“旅行者1號(hào)”發(fā)回了木星和土星的壯觀照片，然后飛出太陽系開始它的單程旅行，飛往其他恒星執(zhí)行任務(wù)。25年來，“旅行者1 號(hào)”始終暴露在寒冷的深空中，它的性能開始逐漸衰退，傳感器和電路已經(jīng)接近崩潰的邊緣。美國宇航 局專家意識(shí)到他們必須采取措施，否則就會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)和“旅行者1號(hào)”失去聯(lián)系。為了解決這一問題,他們的方案是給“旅行者1號(hào)”發(fā)去信息，指導(dǎo)它用備件更換已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)故障的部件?？紤]到“旅行者1號(hào)”距離地 球120億公里之遠(yuǎn)，這并不是一項(xiàng)簡單的任務(wù)。信息最終通過美國宇航局深空網(wǎng)的無線電天線傳送到了太空深處。該信息雖然以光速傳播，卻還是花了11個(gè)小時(shí)才到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)在冥王星軌道之外的目標(biāo)。然而令人難以置信的是，這顆小小的探測(cè)器成功接收到了來自故鄉(xiāng)星球微弱的召喚，并順利地更換了零件。
B這是有史以來最遠(yuǎn)距離的修理工作，也是美國宇航局工程師的一大成功。但是，這也突出顯示了(信息)技術(shù)的驚人力量，這些技術(shù)由一年前(注：2001年)剛剛離世的美國通信工程師Claude Shannon研發(fā)。.Claude Shannon于1916年出生于密歇根州的佩托斯基。他少年時(shí)便展示出了在數(shù)學(xué)與制作小器械方面的天賦，而且在學(xué)生時(shí)期就在計(jì)算機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)上取得了多項(xiàng)突破。在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)，Shannon發(fā)展了信息理論，但他并不看重因此而獲得的榮譽(yù)。20世紀(jì)40年代，他一手創(chuàng)立了完整的通信科學(xué)理論，隨后該理論得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，從DVD到衛(wèi)星通信，再到條形碼——總之，需要快速而又準(zhǔn)確傳送數(shù)據(jù)的所有領(lǐng)域都應(yīng)用到了通信科學(xué)。
C 1939年，22歲的Shannon是著名的麻省理工學(xué)院工程系的研究生，那時(shí)候通信科學(xué)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用似乎遙不 可及，與當(dāng)時(shí)他在研究工作中實(shí)際使用的技術(shù)相差很遠(yuǎn)。他從一個(gè)再簡單不過的目標(biāo)開始著手確 定“信息”的準(zhǔn)確概念。Shannon認(rèn)為最基本的信息形式是判斷事物正確與否，這可以用二進(jìn)制單位“比 特”以1或者0的形式記錄。確定了這個(gè)最基本的單位后，Shannon開始闡釋關(guān)于信息的其他模糊概念以 及如何在不同地點(diǎn)之間傳送信息;在這一過程中，他得到了驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)一信息總是能夠克服“噪聲”的隨機(jī)干擾而被完整傳送。
D “噪聲”通常是指干擾真正信息的無用聲音——通過用精確的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算得出噪聲影響的定理，信息理論概括出了上述這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。Shannon特別指出，噪聲決定了信息通過信道無誤差傳送的極限速度。這個(gè)速度取決于信號(hào)與噪聲在信道中傳送時(shí)的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度以及信道傳送數(shù)據(jù)的能力(即帶寬)。該速度單位為比 特/秒，是在給定的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度和噪聲水平下，信息無誤差傳送的最大絕對(duì)速度。Shannon指出，提高這一 速度的有效方法是在所使用的通信系統(tǒng)的傳送能力(即帶寬)范圍內(nèi)，找到將信息打包(即編碼)的方式 來應(yīng)對(duì)噪聲的破壞。
E多年以來科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出了許多編碼方式，也證實(shí)了這些方式對(duì)許多技術(shù)成就而言是至關(guān)重要的。旅行者號(hào)航天器利用編碼傳送數(shù)據(jù)，這些編碼在每比特信息上都額外增加了一比特信息，使錯(cuò)誤率 僅為萬分之一，因而得到了行星的極其清晰的圖片。其他一些編碼已經(jīng)成為了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠郑热缤ㄓ蒙唐反a或稱條形碼。這些編碼都使用了一個(gè)簡單的糾錯(cuò)系統(tǒng)，確保超市的掃碼器能夠讀出 甚至是在一個(gè)弄皺了的薯?xiàng)l袋上的價(jià)格。就在最近的1993年，工程師們?nèi)〉昧艘豁?xiàng)重大突破，發(fā)現(xiàn)了所謂的Turbo碼，這與Shannon提出的信息可以安全傳送的最大速度極限非常接近?，F(xiàn)在，Turbo碼在移動(dòng)可視電話變革中起著關(guān)鍵的作用。
F通過去除含有較少真實(shí)信息的多余數(shù)據(jù)，Shannon也為開發(fā)更有效率地存儲(chǔ)信息的方式奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 正如手機(jī)短信“ICNCU”(I can see you的縮寫)一樣，往往在省略很多數(shù)據(jù)之后，意思基本保持不變。然而，由于存在信息糾錯(cuò)，省略也有一個(gè)極限，一旦超越這個(gè)極限信息就會(huì)變得含糊不清。Shannon說明了如何計(jì)算這一極限，為設(shè)計(jì)信息壓縮方法從而將最大的信息量塞進(jìn)最小的空間開辟了道路。
劍橋雅思解析閱讀9(test3)
Passage 1
Question 1
答案： YES
關(guān)鍵詞： reasons, arguments occur
定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Popular linguistic debate... ”語言學(xué)上的普通爭(zhēng)論通常會(huì)升級(jí)為謾罵和論戰(zhàn)。語言屬于所有人，所以大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為他們有權(quán)保留自己對(duì)語言的看法。
解題思路: 題干要判斷對(duì)于語言的爭(zhēng)論，原因是否可以理解。 原文陳述，語言屬于所有人，大多數(shù)人有權(quán)保留對(duì)語言的看法，所以人們的觀點(diǎn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生分歧是可以理解的。題干與原文完全一致。
Question 2
答案： NO
關(guān)鍵詞： language education, language usage
定位原文： 第1段第4句“And when opinions differ,…” 而當(dāng)看法出現(xiàn)分歧時(shí)，人們可能變得情緒激動(dòng)。語言用法方面的一點(diǎn)小事，就能像語言學(xué)教育政策中的重大問題一樣很容易引起爭(zhēng)論。
解題思路： 題干要判斷人們對(duì)待語言教育的態(tài)度是否比對(duì)待語言用法的態(tài)度更加強(qiáng)烈。原文陳述，語言用法方面的一點(diǎn)小事都能像語言學(xué)教育政策中的大事一樣引起爭(zhēng)論，這說明對(duì)待語言用法與語言學(xué)教育政策的態(tài)度同樣強(qiáng)烈。題干與原文所述觀點(diǎn)不一致。
Question 3
答案： YES
關(guān)鍵詞： intelligence, affect
定位原文： 第2段第2句“No part of society or social…” 所有社會(huì)組成部分或者社會(huì)行為無一例外。語言因素影響我們?nèi)绾闻袛嘁粋€(gè)人的個(gè)性、智力、社會(huì)地位、教育程度、工作能力以及許多身份與社會(huì)生存的其他方面。
解題思路： 題干要判斷使用語言的方式是否會(huì)影響人們對(duì)一個(gè)人智力的評(píng)估。原文陳述，語言因素影響我們?nèi)绾闻袛嘁粋€(gè)人的個(gè)性、智力……題干與原文完全一致。
Question 4
答案： NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： prescriptive, 18th century
對(duì)應(yīng)原文： 第4段第1句“All the main languages…”
解題思路： 對(duì)所有主要語言的研究都是約定俗成的，尤其在18世紀(jì)對(duì)語法與詞典的編寫過程中。用定位詞定位到的這句話中沒有提到書的價(jià)格髙低與否。
Question 5
答案： YES
關(guān)鍵詞： prescriptivism, today
定位原文： 第5段第1句“These attitudes are still with…” 這些態(tài)度現(xiàn)在仍然伴隨著我們，并且引起人們對(duì)保留語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的廣泛關(guān)注。
解題思路： 題干要判斷現(xiàn)在規(guī)定主義是否仍然存在。原文陳述，這些態(tài)度現(xiàn)在仍然伴隨著我們，題干與原文完全一致。
Question 6
答案: YES
關(guān)鍵詞: descriptivists, language change, pointless, stop
定位原文: 第5段第3句“This approach is summarized in…” 該觀點(diǎn)可以總結(jié)為：語法家的任務(wù)是描述而不是規(guī)定，是記錄語言多樣性的實(shí)例而不是試圖完成評(píng)價(jià)語言的差異或阻止語言的改變這種不可能完成的任務(wù)。
解題思路： 題干要判斷對(duì)于描述派來說，阻止語言變化是否毫無意義。原文陳述，語法家的任務(wù)……不是阻止語言的改變這種不可能完成的任務(wù)。題干中阻止語言變化毫無意義=語法家的任務(wù)并非阻止語言改變這種不可能完成的任務(wù)。題干與原文完全一致。
Question 7
答案： NO
關(guān)鍵詞： after the 18th century, only
定位原文： 第5段第4句“In the second half of the 18th century,…” 在18世紀(jì)后半期，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了該觀點(diǎn)的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley, 他在1761年編寫的《英語語法入門》中堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，“說話的習(xí)慣是最原始的、也是所有語言的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。
解題思路： 題干中出現(xiàn)ONLY, 所以主要判斷描述主義是否只有到18世紀(jì)后才出。原文陳述，18世紀(jì)后半期，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了該觀點(diǎn)的支持者，那就意味著在這個(gè)時(shí)間以前，已經(jīng)有了描述主義的觀點(diǎn)。題干與原文陳述的時(shí)間有出入，不一致。
Question 8
答案: YES
關(guān)鍵詞: descriptivists, prescriptivists
定位原文: 第6段第1句“In our own time, the opposition…” 在我們這個(gè)時(shí)代，“描述派”與 “規(guī)定派”之間的對(duì)立經(jīng)常變得很極端，雙方經(jīng)?；ハ嗾`解。
解題思路: 題干要判斷針對(duì)這兩派的描述是否有失真實(shí)。原文陳述，“描述派”與 “規(guī)定派”之間的對(duì)立經(jīng)常變得很極端，雙方經(jīng)?；ハ嗾`解。題干與原文完全一致。
Question 9
答案: H
關(guān)鍵詞: correct form of language
定位原文: 第3段第1句“In its most general…”;第3段最后一句“Adherents to…” 就其最普通的意義而言，規(guī)定主義認(rèn)為某種語言向來就比其他語言具有更高的價(jià)值……該語言的支持者其說話或者寫作的方法被稱為“正確的”方法，而任何偏差都被認(rèn)為是 “錯(cuò)誤的”。
解題思路： 原文中陳述，規(guī)定主義認(rèn)為某種語言的說話或?qū)懽鞣椒ㄖ挥幸环N “正確的”方法，那么持這種看法的人就是規(guī)定派、規(guī)定主義者，把 prescriptivists帶入空格中，解釋為：根據(jù)規(guī)定主義者，語言只有一種正確的形式。因此選H。
Question 10
答案: F
關(guān)鍵詞： approach, grammatical
定位原文： 第4段第3句“The authoritarian nature of…” 該方法對(duì)語法“規(guī)則”的依賴最能體現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)裁的本質(zhì)。
解題思路: 推崇規(guī)定主義的語言學(xué)家非常強(qiáng)調(diào)語法規(guī)則。因此選 F。
Question 11
答案: A
關(guān)鍵詞: Joseph Priestley
定位原文: 第5段第4句“In the second half of the 18th century,…”
解題思路: 在18世紀(jì)后半期，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了該 觀點(diǎn)的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley。由此往前找，找到這句This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe--to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change.該觀點(diǎn)可以總結(jié)為：語法家的任務(wù)是描述而不是規(guī)定，是記錄語言多樣性的實(shí)例而不是 試圖完成評(píng)價(jià)語言的差異或阻止語言的改變這樣不可能完成的任務(wù)。說明Joseph Priestley是描述主義者的代表。因此選A。
Question 12
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： Joseph Priestley, grammar
定位原文： 同上一題，比如Joseph Priestley,他在 1761 年編寫的《英語語法入門》中堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，“說話的習(xí)慣是最原始的、也是所有語言的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ”。
解題思路： the custom of speaking = C popular speech, 即認(rèn)為語法應(yīng)該建立在通俗語言的基礎(chǔ)上。因此選C。
Question 13
答案： B
關(guān)鍵詞： writer’s purpose
定位原文： 全篇主旨題，詳見參見解題思路
解題思路： 選項(xiàng)A：爭(zhēng)論的是編寫詞典和語法書具體的方式，原文中沒有論述，只有第四段提到了grammars and dictionaries, 但不是作者的意圖;選項(xiàng)C：描述口語和書面語的區(qū)別，這與原文也沒有直接關(guān)系。不過在第三段看到選項(xiàng)中的spoken language, 陳述如下：“The variety which is favoured, is…style.”這里提到的具有更高價(jià)值的語言通常指的是“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”書面語言，尤其是在文學(xué)作品或最能體現(xiàn)這一特點(diǎn)的正式口語中。這里提到的是細(xì)節(jié)，并不是意圖。因此只剩下在選項(xiàng)B、D中推敲。選項(xiàng)D：展現(xiàn)對(duì)于語言的某種看法是飽受懷疑的，這不是通篇陳述的內(nèi)容，構(gòu)不成作者的寫作意圖。所以按排除法選出選項(xiàng)B：通過歷史實(shí)例展示關(guān)于語言的不同觀點(diǎn)。
Test 3 Passage 2
Question 14
答案: C
關(guān)鍵詞: first test site
定位原文: C段第2句“The first station is…”第一個(gè)潮汐發(fā)電站預(yù)計(jì)很快將在德文郡的林茅斯海岸建立，用來檢測(cè)貿(mào)易與工業(yè)部和歐盟的一個(gè)合資項(xiàng)目研發(fā)的技術(shù)。
解題思路: 題干中的first test兩個(gè)詞都直接對(duì)應(yīng)這句話中的first...test; 而題干中的site對(duì)應(yīng)原文的 Lynmouth in Devon, 表示測(cè)試站的地點(diǎn)。
Question 15
答案: E
關(guān)鍵詞: back into Britain
定位原文: E段第2句“The single undersea turbine farm…”
解題思路: 僅僅這一個(gè)水下渦輪機(jī)群的發(fā)電量就遠(yuǎn)比海峽群島所需要的電量還要多，其中大部分電量將運(yùn)輸?shù)椒▏娋W(wǎng)，然后通過水下電纜重新進(jìn)入英國。 題干中的back into Britain對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的...be re-imported into Britain via the…
Question 16
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： previous, alternative source of energy
定位原文： A段最后一句“Unlike wind power which Britain…” 與之前開發(fā)風(fēng)能有所不同，風(fēng)能由英國首先開發(fā)，而后卻擱置了20年，最后由荷蘭將其發(fā)展成一個(gè)主要產(chǎn)業(yè)，這次通過向日本與新西蘭這樣的島國出口水下渦輪機(jī)，英國將賺取巨額外匯。
解題思路: 題干中的previous對(duì)應(yīng)這句話中的Unlike...0riginany, 為了突出這次潮汐發(fā)電的前景，這句話提到了之前英國對(duì)風(fēng)能進(jìn)行嘗試開發(fā)，但卻半途而廢，被荷蘭發(fā)展壯大。
Question 17
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： technology, another industry
定位原文： C段第4句“The technology for dealing with…” 應(yīng)對(duì)海底惡劣鹽漬環(huán)境的技術(shù)已經(jīng)在北海油田工業(yè)中得以研發(fā)，而且人們對(duì)渦輪機(jī)葉片的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)有了很多了解。
解題思路：題目中的another industry對(duì)應(yīng)這句話中的the North Sea oil industry，屬于同義表達(dá)。
Question 18-Question 22
答案: A, D, E, F,J (in any order)
關(guān)鍵詞： claims about tidal power are made by the writer
定位原文： 指定多選，參見解題思路
解題思路: 選項(xiàng)A(A段第1句)題干中more reliable source of energy(更可靠的能源)對(duì)應(yīng)這句話中的...are predictable and the power input is constant, 表明潮汐能源具備風(fēng)能所沒有的兩個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：可預(yù)測(cè)的，恒定的;選項(xiàng)B，過于絕對(duì)，不選;選項(xiàng)C，文中完全未提及;選項(xiàng)D(A段第2句)二氧化碳的排放量下降了，自然也減少了空氣污染;選項(xiàng)E(A段第3句)題干中的 contribute to the closure of many existing power stations對(duì)應(yīng)文中 的…dose gas, coal and nuclear power plants…;選項(xiàng)F(A段最后一句)，題干中的 national income 對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的 earner (意為 a business or activity which makes a profit);選項(xiàng)G、H、I，文中完全未提及;選項(xiàng)J(C段倒數(shù)第二句)題干中best produced in the vicinity of coastlines對(duì)應(yīng)這句話中的The best sites are between...。
Question 23
答案: maintenance
關(guān)鍵詞： and, seaweed
定位原文： D段最后一句“..and also be designed…seaweed from the blades.”
解題思路：空格中的詞應(yīng)該和定位詞seaweed構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，且最好出現(xiàn)在and之前，同時(shí)可預(yù)測(cè)詞性為名詞。此外，因?yàn)轭}干中的raised可同義替換成原文lifted, 故符合要求的只有maintenance, 意思為：整個(gè)機(jī)塔可以露出水面，以便維護(hù)葉片以及清理其中的海藻。
Question 24
答案： slow-turning
關(guān)鍵詞： due to, sea life not in danger, blades
定位原文：D段第4句“Fish and other creatures are…”
解題思路：空格前有due to，可預(yù)測(cè)需要填表示原因的詞。再進(jìn)一步分析，空格前是副詞，因而空格要填的是形容詞。題干中sea life not in danger 對(duì)應(yīng)原文 creatures unlikely to be at risk(海洋生物不會(huì)面臨危險(xiǎn))，原因是葉片轉(zhuǎn)速相對(duì)較低，所以slow-turning為備選。同時(shí)，題干中comparatively可同義替換原文中的 relatively，所以備選答案被驗(yàn)證，此空應(yīng)該填slow-turning。
Question 25
答案： low pressure
關(guān)鍵詞： result from, behind blades
定位原文：F段第1句“One technical difficulty is…”
解題思路：空格里應(yīng)該填名詞，表原因，并且最好是出現(xiàn)在定 位詞behind, blades之前，包含定位詞的這句話中可能是答案的有兩個(gè)名詞：cavitation，low pressure。題干中的result from對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的cause,而能夠形成緊密因果關(guān)系的是low pressure, 之前的cavitation是這種技術(shù)難題的名稱。整個(gè)題干的意思為：葉片后方由于氣壓低而產(chǎn)生氣泡。這種技術(shù)難題被稱做空化。所以25題答案為low pressure，26題答案為cavitation。
Question 26
答案： cavitation
關(guān)鍵詞： known as
定位原文：F段第1句“One technical difficulty is…”
解題思路：參考25題分析。題干known as對(duì)應(yīng)原文中...is...
Test 3 Passage 3
Question 27
答案： D
關(guān)鍵詞： factors, affecting, transmission of information
定位原文：D段2、3、4句“Information theory generalizes…”通過用精確的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算得出 噪聲影響的定理，信息理論概括出了上述這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。Shannon特別指出，噪聲決定了信息通過信道無誤差傳送的極限速度。這個(gè)速度取決于信號(hào)與噪聲在信道中傳送時(shí)的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度以及信道傳送數(shù)據(jù)的能力。
解題思路： 題干中的affecting對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的depend on，題干中的factors對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的noise和communication channel。這道題目相對(duì)較難，不太容易理解。從表面上看這個(gè)題目要求，似乎每段都可能包含一個(gè)信息。但其實(shí)可以使用排除法，很快地排除其他段落后，在D段中查找起來就更有針對(duì)性。
Question 28
答案： F
關(guān)鍵詞： unnecessary information, omitted
定位原文：F段第1、2句“Shannon also laid the foundations…” 通過去除含有較少真實(shí)信息的多余數(shù)據(jù)，Shannon也為開發(fā)更有效率地存儲(chǔ)信息的方式奠定了基礎(chǔ)。正如手機(jī)短信“I CN C U”(I can see you的縮寫) 一樣，往往在省略很多數(shù)據(jù)之后，意思基本保持不變。
解題思路： 題干中的unnecessary和omitted分別對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的superfluous (‘redundant’)和stripping out, leave out。
Question 29
答案： B
關(guān)鍵詞： Shannon’s attitude
定位原文：B段第4句“While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon…”
解題思路：在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)，Shannon發(fā)展了信息理論，但他并不看重因此而獲得的榮譽(yù)。原文中的這處細(xì)節(jié)，對(duì)應(yīng)了問題中Shannon對(duì)于名聲的態(tài)度。
Question 30
答案： E
關(guān)鍵詞： machine, capable, incomplete information
定位原文：E段第3句“Other codes have become…” 其他一些編碼已經(jīng)成為了 我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠?，比如通用商品代碼或稱條形碼。這些編碼都使用了一個(gè)簡單的糾錯(cuò)系統(tǒng)，確保超市的掃碼器能夠讀出甚至是在一個(gè)弄皺了的薯?xiàng)l袋上的價(jià)格。
解題思路：題目中的 machine 對(duì)應(yīng)原文中 supermarket check-out lasers，題目中的 incomplete information對(duì)應(yīng)原文中the price on a crumpled bag of crisps，薯?xiàng)l包裝袋被弄皺了，上面的條形碼顯示就不會(huì)太清晰，因此此處理解為不完整信息。
Question 31：
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： incident, information theory
定位原文： A段第1句和最后一句，“In April 2002 an event took…” “Yet, incredibly, the little…” 2002年4月發(fā)生的一件事展現(xiàn)了 信息理 論的一大應(yīng)用?！欢钊穗y以置信的是，這顆小小的探測(cè)器成功接收到了來自故鄉(xiāng)星球微弱的召喚，并順利地更換了零件。
解題思路：題目中incident的英文解釋為“an event, especially one that is unusual or important”，對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的event; 而題干中的information theory對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的information theory。事實(shí)上，A 段整個(gè)段落都是對(duì)這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)事件的描述。
Question 32：
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： initially intended to, achieve
定位原文： C段前兩句“This all seems light…”
解題思路： 1939年，22 歲的 Shannon是著名的麻省理工學(xué)院工程系的研究生，那時(shí)候通信科學(xué)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用似乎遙不可及，與當(dāng)時(shí) 他在研究工作中實(shí)際使用的技術(shù)相差很遠(yuǎn)。他從一個(gè)再簡單不過的目標(biāo)開始著手——確 定“信息”的準(zhǔn)確概念。題目中的initially intended to對(duì)應(yīng)原文set out with an apparently simple aim。
Question 33：
答案： Jupiter Saturn(in either order)
關(guān)鍵詞： both... and, probe transmitted pictures
定位原文： A段第2句“The space probe, Voyager I…”
解題思路： 兩個(gè)空格之間有表示并列關(guān)系的連接詞both... and...,可預(yù)測(cè)要填的兩個(gè)詞為并列關(guān)系的名詞。通過定位詞pictures找到原文中包含images 的那句話，pictures和images為同義轉(zhuǎn)述。很明 顯images后面的一組并列關(guān)系的名詞Jupiter 和Saturn就是正確答案。
Question 34：
答案： Solar System
關(guān)鍵詞： then left the
定位原文：同上題
解題思路：空格前為定冠詞the,因此預(yù)測(cè)出空格處應(yīng)該 填名詞，并且此詞最好在和定位詞then left the 意思相近的表達(dá)后面。因此，我們可以很輕松地定位到原文中and then soared out of..., left 和soared out of是同義轉(zhuǎn)述，后面的Solar System即為正確答案。
Question 35：
答案： sensors circuits(in either order)
關(guān)鍵詞： both...and…, freezing temperatures, scientists
定位原文： A段第4句“After 25 years of exposure to…”
解題思路： 兩個(gè)空格之間有表示并列關(guān)系的連接詞both...and...，可以預(yù)測(cè)要填的兩個(gè)詞為并列關(guān)系的名詞。通過定位詞freezing temperatures定位到原文中的原詞。按照順序原則繼續(xù)往下找，定位詞scientists對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的NASA experts。仔細(xì)讀包含這兩個(gè)定位詞的兩句話，很明顯存在一組并列關(guān)系的名詞sensors and circuits。然后進(jìn)一步推敲答案的確定性。題干中的stop working對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的on the brink of failing, 從而可以最終確定sensors和circuits為正確答案。
Question 36：
答案： spares
關(guān)鍵詞： probe, replace, distance, difficult
定位原文： A段第4句“The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to…”
解題思路： 空格前為介詞with,可預(yù)測(cè)空格里應(yīng)該填名詞，并且此詞最好在distance之前。題干中的 distance 定位到原文中 12 billion kilometers from Earth, 題干中的difficult定位到原文中 this was not an easy task, 因此需要從前一個(gè)句子中找答案。題干中replace對(duì)應(yīng)原文中 change, 題干中的replace them with對(duì)應(yīng)原文 中的 use spares to change the failing parts, 顯然， spares為正確答案。
Question 37：
答案： radio dish
關(guān)鍵詞： transmit, message, speed of light
定位原文： A段倒數(shù)第3句“By means of a radio dish…”
解題思路：空格前為冠詞a，可以預(yù)測(cè)空格處應(yīng)該填輔音開頭的名詞。用定位詞speed of light定位到原文中，transmit與原文中的send out屬于同義轉(zhuǎn) 換。message是如何以光速傳送出去的呢?題 干中的...was used to對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中的by means of..., 因此radio dish為正確答案。
Question 38：
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： true or false, was the starting point, over distances
定位原文： C段第3句“The most basic form of…” Shannon 認(rèn)為最基本的信息形式是判斷事物正確與否，這可以用二進(jìn)制單位“比特”以1或者0的形式記錄。
解題思路：本題解題關(guān)鍵是Shannon研究遠(yuǎn)距離傳送信息的起點(diǎn)。原文陳述，Shannon認(rèn)為最基本的信息形式是判斷事物正確與否。starting point = basic form, 題干與原文完全一致。
Question 39：
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： signal strength, noise level,
定位原文： D段第4句“This rate depends on…”
解題思路： 這個(gè)速度取決于信號(hào)與噪音在信道中傳送時(shí)的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度以及信道傳送數(shù)據(jù)的能力(即帶寬)。題干中判斷的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)is determined with, 與原文depends on表述一致。
Question 40：
答案： FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞： now, Shannon, convey information
定位原文： E段最后一句“As recently as 1993，engineers made a major…” 就在最近的1993年，工程師們?nèi)〉昧艘豁?xiàng)重大突破，發(fā)現(xiàn)了所謂的Turbo碼，這與Shannon提出的信息可以安全傳送的最大速度極限非常接近。現(xiàn)在，Turbo碼在移動(dòng)可視電話變革中起著關(guān)鍵的作用。
解題思路： 將題干中的now對(duì)應(yīng)到原文的as recently as 1993以及后面的now,題干中要判斷的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是more...than Shannon had anticipated...(超過Shannon預(yù)期)，與原文中的...which come very dose to Shannon’s ultimate limit (與Shannon提出的最大限度非常接近)。題干與原文所述事實(shí)不符合
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