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托福TPO7閱讀原文Part1

　　The Geologic History of the Mediterranean

　　In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?

　　Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?

　　With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

　　The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

　　The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.

　　gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water

　　Paragraph 1: In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?

　　托福TPO7閱讀題目Part1

　　1. The word "objective" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○achievement

　　○requirement

　　○purpose

　　○feature

　　2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?

　　○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.

　　○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean's invertebrates.

　　○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.

　　○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.

　　Paragraph 3: With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

　　3. What does the author imply by saying "Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the

　　pebbles came from the nearby continent"?

　　○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.

　　○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.

　　○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.

　　○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.

　　4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?

　　○It did not contain any marine fossil.

　　○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.

　　○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

　　○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.

　　5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.

　　○Volcanic rock fragments.

　　○Thin silt layers

　　○Soft, deep-sea mud

　　○Crystalline salt

　　6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?

　　○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan

　　○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger

　　○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor

　　○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition

　　Paragraph 4: The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scoresof invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

　　7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?

　　○The movements of Earth's crust

　　○The accumulation of sediment layers

　　○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean

　　○Changes in Earth's temperature

　　8. The word "scores" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○members

　　○large numbers

　　○populations

　　○different types

　　9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?

　　○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival

　　○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic

　　○The migration of new species through the narrow straits

　　○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean

　　10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.

　　○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

　　○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.

　　○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

　　11. The word "Turbulent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○Fresh

　　○Deep

　　○Violent

　　○Temperate

　　Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■

　　12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　13.Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean's history.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answer choices

　　○The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.

　　○Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.

　　○Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.

　　○Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers.

　　○Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and become a desert, before it refilled with water.

　　○Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.

　　托福TPO7閱讀答案Part1

　　參考答案：

　　1.○ 3

　　2.○ 2

　　3.○ 1

　　4.○ 1

　　5.○ 2, 4

　　6.○ 1

　　7.○ 1

　　8○ 2

　　9.○ 4

　　10.○ 2

　　11.○ 3

　　12.○ 3

　　13. The Glomar Challenger

　　Samples recovered from

　　Evidence collected by

　　托福TPO7閱讀原文翻譯Part1

　　參考翻譯：地中海的地質(zhì)歷史

　　1970年，地理學(xué)家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋調(diào)查船Glomar Challenger號上收集調(diào)研資料。這次特別巡航的一個目的是調(diào)查地中海的地層以及解決關(guān)于其地質(zhì)歷史的問題。其中一個問題是有關(guān)地中海地區(qū)無脊椎動物(沒有脊椎的動物)于600萬年前發(fā)生劇變的證據(jù)。大部分更加古老的生物都幾乎滅絕了，盡管一些頑強的種類得以生存。很少的一些動物成功地遷移到了大西洋。不久后，這些動物又回來了，并帶回來新的物種。為什么這次較近的動物滅絕和遷移會發(fā)生呢?

　　Glomar Challenger號上科學(xué)家們的另一個任務(wù)是嘗試去確定深埋在地中海海底穹頂狀巨塊的起源。這些結(jié)構(gòu)在早些年被回聲探測器探測過，但是它們從未被鉆探過。它們是像美國墨西哥海灣海岸一帶的含鹽穹頂狀巨塊嗎?如果是的話，為什么在地中海海底之下會有這么多固體的結(jié)晶鹽呢?

　　帶著這些清楚擺在他們面前的問題，科學(xué)家們登上Glomar Challenger號前往地中海尋找答案。1970年8月23日，他們找到了一個樣本。這個樣本由石膏塊和火山巖碎塊組成。周圍沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊能說明這些小石頭來自附近的大陸。接下來的日子里，隨著海底巖層鉆探實驗的進行，固體石膏樣本被不斷地放在甲板上。而且，這些膏狀物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特性表明它們形成于沙漠。在石膏層上下的沉積物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，說明了這是開放性的海洋環(huán)境。當(dāng)鉆到地中海盆地中心的最深處時，科學(xué)家們從鉆管中獲得了堅實的、光亮的結(jié)晶鹽。跟結(jié)晶鹽嵌在一起的薄層像是被風(fēng)吹起的泥沙層。

　　時間闡明了一個假設(shè)。調(diào)查者們構(gòu)思了這樣的理論：大約2 000萬年前，地中海是一條寬闊的航道，它通過兩條狹窄的海峽與大西洋連接。地殼運動封閉了海峽，被陸地包圍的地中海也開始蒸發(fā)。由蒸發(fā)引起的越來越高的鹽度造成無脊椎動物種類的滅絕。只有一些能抵抗高鹽度條件的物種保留下來。隨著蒸發(fā)的繼續(xù)進行，鹽水濃度太高以致硬地層的硫酸鈣發(fā)生沉淀。在盆地的中間深處，剩余鹽水的持續(xù)蒸發(fā)形成更多的可溶的氯化鈉(鹽)。后來，在上層沉淀物的重壓下，鹽向上形成了含鹽的圓頂。然而在這之前，地中海是一個3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550萬年前發(fā)生了洪水。作為地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在連接地中海和大西洋的直布羅陀海峽打開了，水流像瀑布一樣壯觀地涌回地中海。湍急的水流沖擊并摧毀了堅硬的含鹽層，把它們磨成了Challenger號獲得的第一份樣本中人們所觀察到的鵝卵石。隨著盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回來了。不久后海洋軟泥層開始在原先的硬地層上堆積。

　　鹽、石膏、動物區(qū)系的變更，還有不尋常的沙礫層都為地中海曾經(jīng)是片沙漠的理論提供了充分的證據(jù)。

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