高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞與常見動(dòng)詞
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞與常見動(dòng)詞
高中英語(yǔ)是詞匯和語(yǔ)法的天下,掌握好要求的詞匯基本上就掌握好英語(yǔ)的命脈。到底如何學(xué)習(xí)好英語(yǔ)?小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料,快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞
1.可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)變化形式
(1)規(guī)則變化。
?、賳螖?shù)名詞詞尾直接加-s。如:
boy — boys
pen — pens
?、谝詓、x 、ch 、sh結(jié)尾的單詞一般加-es。如:
glass — glasses
box— boxes
watch — watches
brush — brushes
特例:
stomach — stomachs
?、垡浴拜o音字母 + y”結(jié)尾的變“y”為“i”再加“-es”。
如:
baby — babies
lady — ladies
fly — flies
?、芤浴皁”結(jié)尾的多數(shù)加-es。如:
tomato — tomatoes
potato — potatoes
hero — heroes
但以兩個(gè)元音字母結(jié)尾的名詞和部分外來(lái)詞中以o結(jié)尾的詞只加-s。 如:
radio — radios
zoo — zoos
photo — photos
piano — pianos
kilo — kilos
tobacco — tobaccos
?、菀浴癴”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變“f”或“fe”為“v”
,之后再加-es。如:
wife — wives
life — lives,
knife — knives,
wolf— wolves,
self — selves,
leaf — leaves等。
特例:
handkerchief— handkerchiefs
roof — roofs
chief — chiefs
gulf — gulfs
belief — beliefs
cliff — cliffs
?、薷淖?cè)糇帜傅摹H纾?/p>
man — men
mouse — mice
foot — feet
woman — women
tooth — teeth
goose — geese
ox — oxen
特例:
child — children
?、邚?fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。(A)在復(fù)合詞中最后名詞尾加-s。如:
armchair — armchairs
bookcase — bookcases
bookstore — bookstores
(B)man和woman作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí),前后兩個(gè)名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如:
man doctor — men doctors
woman driver — women drivers
(C)與介詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加-s。如:
brother-in-law — brothers-in-law
passer-by — passers-by
?、嘤械拿~有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
zero — zeros 、zeroes
deer —deers 、deer
penny的兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式含義有所不同。如:
pence(便士的錢數(shù)),pennies(便士的枚數(shù))。
(2)不規(guī)則變化。
?、賳?、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,
Japanese, sheep, works(工廠),cattle。
?、诤铣擅~的復(fù)數(shù)。如:
boy-friend — boy-friends
go-between— go-betweens(中間人)
grown-up — grown-ups
?、塾行┟~通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:
glasses眼鏡,clothes衣服,goods貨物,trousers褲子,belongings所有物,wages工資,riches財(cái)富, surroundings環(huán)境,ashes灰塵, compasses圓規(guī),cattle家畜,congratulations祝賀,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高熱情地,give one’s regards to sb.向某人問(wèn)侯,in rags衣衫破爛,It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。
?、芗w名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù),如:people,cattle, police; 有些名詞只用作單數(shù),如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù),單數(shù)看做整體,復(fù)數(shù)看做集體的各個(gè)成員。如:The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體);The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(個(gè)體)。
2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)
(1)一般說(shuō)來(lái)抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí),可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化,主要類型如下:
?、俪橄竺~表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如:
抽象名詞(不可數(shù))
具體化
(個(gè)體名詞,可數(shù)名詞)
in surprise驚訝地
a surprise
一件令人驚訝的事
win success獲得成功
a success
一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)
win honor贏得榮譽(yù)
an honor
一個(gè)(件)引以為榮的(事)
Failure(失敗)
is the mother of success
a failure失敗者
by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)
an experience一次經(jīng)歷
youth青春
a youth一個(gè)青年人
have pity on sb.憐憫某人
a pity可惜的事情
with pleasure樂意
a pleasure樂事
?、诔橄竺~與a(an)連用,淡化了抽象概念,轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?
It is waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí),可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如:
①物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體,有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如:
some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些飲料, a drink一杯飲料,three drinks三杯飲料,his hair他的頭發(fā),a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā),glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。
?、谖镔|(zhì)名詞有前置后置修飾時(shí),前面要使用不定冠詞。
have breakfast
The road is covered with snow.
have a wonderful breakfast
They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.
(3)有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞
?、儆行┏橄竺~往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),起到一種豐富語(yǔ)言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如:
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the difficulties.
Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally succeeded.
?、谟行┪镔|(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示數(shù)量之多,范圍之廣。如:
The boy burst into tears at the bad news.
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.
3.名詞所有格
(1)“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有:
① 用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后,如:today’s,newspaper, five minutes’
walk(drive),five pounds’ weight, ten dollars’
worth of coffee。
②用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如:the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。
(2)“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有:
?、俦硎尽安糠帧睍r(shí),一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞(a、two、several、some、no、many等),如:
Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.
張老師的一些學(xué)生已經(jīng)上大學(xué)了。
?、诒硎尽捌渲兄唬渲幸徊糠帧钡囊馑紩r(shí),用:
a friend of Tom’s
湯姆的一個(gè)朋友(許多朋友中的一位)。
③表示贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)或厭惡等感情色彩時(shí),應(yīng)該用:that/this/these/those + 名詞(單、復(fù)數(shù))of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如:
That invention of hers belongs to the world.
她的那項(xiàng)發(fā)明是屬于全世界的(表贊賞)。
4、名詞作定語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞,這些名詞可以直接用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞。
(1)分類意義。
air pollution 空氣污染
boy friend 男朋友
coffee cup咖啡杯
income tax所得稅
tennis ball網(wǎng)球
song writer歌曲作家
body language身體語(yǔ)言
road accident交通事故
Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)
(2)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。
Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生
Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校
winter sleep冬眠
street dance 街舞
country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂
village people村民
school education學(xué)校教育
China problem中國(guó)問(wèn)題
(3)表目的、手段、來(lái)源,所屬意義。
reception desk接待臺(tái)
sports field田徑場(chǎng)
stone table石桌
color TV彩電
weather report天氣預(yù)報(bào)
可用于“動(dòng)詞+sb+of sth”的8個(gè)常見動(dòng)詞
accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人犯某事(罪),指責(zé)某人做某事
cheat sb. fo sth. 騙取某人某物
cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的病,改掉某人的壞習(xí)慣
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某情況(事)
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某情況(事)
rid sb. of sth. 使某人擺脫某物
rob sb. of sth. 搶劫某人的某東西
warn sb. of sth. 警告某人有某情況
可用于“動(dòng)詞+sb+for doing sth”的8個(gè)常見動(dòng)詞
blame sb. for doing sth. 指責(zé)某人做某事
criticize sb. for doing sth. 批評(píng)某人做某事
forgive sb. for doing sth. 原諒某人做某事
excuse sb. for doing sth. 原諒某人做某事
pardon sb. for doing sth. 原諒某人做某事
punish sb. for doing sth. 懲罰某人做某事
scold sb. for doing sth. 指責(zé)(責(zé)備)某人做某事
thank sb. for doing sth. 感謝某人做某事
可用于“動(dòng)詞+sb+into doing sth”的9個(gè)常見動(dòng)詞
cheat sb. into doing sth. 欺騙某人做某事
trick sb. into doing sth. 欺騙某人做某事
food sb. into doing sth. 欺騙某人做某事
force sb. into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事
argue sb. into doing sth. 說(shuō)服某人做某事
talk sb. into doing sth. 說(shuō)服某人做某事
terrify sb. into doing sth. 威脅某人做某事
frighten sb. into doing sth. 嚇唬某人做某事
persuade sb. into doing sth. 說(shuō)服某人做某事