吳哥窟英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)介
吳哥窟又稱吳哥寺，位于在柬埔寨，被稱作柬埔寨國(guó)寶，是世界上最大的廟宇。下面學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家?guī)?lái)旅游英語(yǔ)之吳哥窟英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)介，歡迎大家閱讀!
吳哥窟英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)介帶翻譯
angkor wat， one of the most beautiful and mysterious historical sites in the world. located over 192 miles to the north-west of cambodia's capital phnom penh， angkor has been "protected" from tourism， and the customs and the cultures of the people living there have not changed much. however， intense internal warfare for over fifty years has impacted on the people and to an extent on the physical structure of the temples at angkor.
in 1991， the khmer rouge， the guerrilla movement， controlled the area. it was then very difficult to visit the area， and the only way to get there was by helicopter from phnom penh. i will never forget when i first got out from the helicopter， and stepped into the land of history， a land which the western civilization had forgotten. in this paper， i would like to discuss the history of the great temples of the "lost city" of angkor wat， but i would also like to describe some of my own observations from the summer of 1991.
for many years， angkor wat was totally isolated from the western world. large， thick jungles covers the area， and it is located in the center of cambodia. the french colonialists were the first westerners to get exposed to angkor. they heard rumors from the local population about "temples built by gods or by giants." most of the colonialists referred these rumors to folk tales， but some believed that there really was a "lost city of a cambodian empire"， which had once been powerful and wealthy.
the temples were first discovered by french missionaries in 1860. henri mahout， a french botanist started intensive research and restoration programs. these research efforts continued until 1968， when the vietnam war disrupted the studies. initially， he did not believe that the temples were built by cambodians， but by another race which had concurred and occupied cambodia for over 2000 years ago. his theory would later be proven to be incorrect， after that researchers discovered scripts on the walls of the temples， and stone sculptures， that have made it possible for archeologists to piece together the history of cambodia. now it is known that angkor， was the great capital city of the khmer empire from the city's founding in about ad 880 until about 1225.
the history of angkor wat dates back to the kingdom of funan. this kingdom was established by an indian brahmin， and in ad200， the country was peacefully settled by indian traders. four hundred years later， the kingdom had become a prosperous trading region. as the area was located on the pilgrim rout between china and india， hinduism and chinese buddhism was adopted by the new settlers. the indian and chinese influence can still be felt in cambodia， and the temples of angkor wat closely resembles hindu and buddhist temples that can be found in northern india and in nepal. in the end of ad600， the funan empire lost much of its power to the kingdom of chenla. the capital of this new empire， sambor， was located about 40 miles to the southeast of angkor. during this time， beautiful sculptures and carvings in sand-stone was popular. in ad750， a king with a reputation of being a war-like person， who was able to expand the chenla kingdom. however， trade with india stopped， and the indonesian empire raised to power.
massive expansion of the city continued throughout the next 200 years， and ambitious building programs expanded the city. many temples were built. the temples are spread out over about 40 miles around the village of siem reap. temples and similar structures to the temples that can be found in the city of angkor are common sights in thailand， laos， vietnam and in china. perhaps the most famous temple， angkor wat， is a temple dedicated to the hindu god vishnu was built during this period.
angkor wat is the highest achievement of khmer temple architecture， and is today the "flagship" of the temples at angkor. the temple is a huge pyramid structure. the compound at angkor wat covers an area of 1，500 by 1，300 m (4，920 by 4，265 ft) and is surrounded by a vast moat 180 m (590 ft) wide. along the causeway leading to the enormous entrance gate are balustrades shaped as giant serpents， which are believed to represent emblems of cosmic fertility. the temple consists of a towering complex of terraces and small buildings that are arranged in a series of three diminishing stories and surmounted by five towers. the roofed and unroofed structures are covered with bands of finely carved stone sculptures. the walls are covered with carved reliefs that illustrate hindu mythology， principally scenes relating to the god vishnu， to whom the temple was dedicated. the "mass of bas-relief carving is of the highest quality and the most beautifully executed in angkor." all the temple mountains of angkor were filled with three-dimensional images and every inch of the walls are covered by sculptures.
in the beginning of ad1200， the angkor and the khmer empire started to decline. when jayavarman vii died， the thai empire in the west emerged as a major power in the region. the thai capital was moved to ayudhya， near angkor， and obviously threatened the cambodian kingdom. in ad1389 the thais attacked angkor， and the city fell into the hands of the thais. the 15th-century conquest of the khmer kingdom by the thais resulted (1431) in the final abandonment of angkor. the city was deserted and the capital was moved to eastward to the region of the present capital phnom penh.
miraculously， very little damage has been made on the angkor region as a result of the bloody civil that has terrorized the cambodia for over 30 years. the khmer rouge， an extreme-left organization has actively organized guerrilla activities against prince sihanouk's government. in 1975， many buddhist monks who lived in the angkor temples were massacred along with the majority of the buddhist population as a result of a "social reorganization". however， angkor wat suffered very little structural damage in that attack. today， archeologists from all over the world are actively involved in the restoration process of the temples. much of the history of the "lost city" of angkor is still a mystery， but angkor has entered the "coca cola" and "kodak" age， and as cambodia is becoming more developed， the mystical atmosphere at angkor will disappear.
吳哥窟，世界上帶有神秘色彩也是最漂亮的歷史古跡之一，位于柬國(guó)首都金邊西北方192公里。因吳哥的觀光資源曾被保護(hù)，所以當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦?a href='http://m.rzpgrj.com/zixun/wenhua/' target='_blank'>文化習(xí)俗并沒(méi)有改變。然而50年激烈的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，使得人民飽受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之苦，也加深了吳哥廟宇的天然形成。1991年，高棉的游擊隊(duì)控制該地區(qū)，只有從金邊搭乘直升機(jī)才能到達(dá)吳哥。作者描述永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法忘記當(dāng)他第一次踏上這塊歷史遺跡-「失落的文明」，并介紹她所觀察的吳哥。
多年來(lái)，吳哥窟一直孤立于西方世界，她位于高棉的市中心且長(zhǎng)期被叢林覆蓋。直到西歐國(guó)家第一次到達(dá)吳哥窟。這些法國(guó)人從當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)民的傳聞知道吳哥窟是由上帝所建造的。大部分的法國(guó)人認(rèn)為這些是無(wú)稽之談。但有些人士卻認(rèn)為這是個(gè)一度強(qiáng)盛而富裕的高棉，因政權(quán)沒(méi)落而被遺忘的城市。吳哥窟的廟宇是在1860年由法國(guó)傳教士所發(fā)現(xiàn)。由法國(guó)的植物學(xué)家亨利莫。哈特開(kāi)始研究并揭開(kāi)了這個(gè)古跡。這個(gè)研究持續(xù)到1968年因越南內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而結(jié)束。起初亨利莫。哈特認(rèn)為這些廟宇并非由柬國(guó)所建造，只是在200年前同時(shí)被其它民族所占據(jù)。而他的理論被認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤，因后來(lái)的考古學(xué)家在廟宇墻上所發(fā)現(xiàn)的石雕及刻字，經(jīng)整理后拼湊出高棉的歷史后所證明?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)眾所皆知的吳哥城，就是公元880年~ 1225年所建造最大的城市。
吳哥窟的歷史要追朔到扶南王朝，扶南王朝是由印度上層人士所建立的，公元200年印度商人開(kāi)始定居，400年后這個(gè)國(guó)家成為一個(gè)繁榮的商圈。由于該地區(qū)位于中國(guó)和印度的英國(guó)清教徒中心，所以印度教和佛教也被移民者所接受。中國(guó)和印度也影響了高棉，因而吳哥廟宇的建筑也類似于在印度北方及尼泊爾所發(fā)現(xiàn)的佛教和印度廟宇。公元600年扶南王朝開(kāi)始沒(méi)落，新的首都成立于吳哥南方 40公里。這期間，雕刻精美的雕刻品和砂巖雕刻品是最受歡迎的。公元750年，一個(gè)好戰(zhàn)的國(guó)王開(kāi)始擴(kuò)展版圖。然而隨著貿(mào)易的沒(méi)落，取而代之的是武力。
吳哥窟是高棉建筑中最高級(jí)的成就，也是最好的廟宇。而廟宇皆是巨大的塔狀建筑物。吳哥窟的規(guī)模涵蓋了1500*1300公尺，并環(huán)繞著180尺寬的護(hù)城河。沿著堤道即可進(jìn)入蛇形欄桿的巨型門入口，該蛇形圖繪象征著生生不息的力量。而廟宇是由平臺(tái)和具有3個(gè)尖頂建筑物和五個(gè)塔狀的建筑物所構(gòu)成的。而不管有無(wú)屋頂?shù)慕ㄖ锒加幸痪赖膸畹窨?。墻壁上亦覆蓋以圖像描繪有關(guān)印度神話和重要事物的雕刻。吳哥窟大部分的雕刻都是最好也是最精美的藝術(shù)品。
在 1200年初，吳哥和高棉政權(quán)開(kāi)始沒(méi)落，泰國(guó)政府的勢(shì)力開(kāi)始浮現(xiàn)并將首都移至吳哥附近的ayudhya，威脅著高棉政府。1389年泰國(guó)征服了高棉放棄了吳哥城，并將政府移到現(xiàn)在的金邊。奇跡似的，吳哥窟在經(jīng)過(guò)了30年的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，僅受到少部分的損害，而高棉的游擊隊(duì)仍繼續(xù)對(duì)抗泰國(guó)政府。1975年住在吳哥廟宇的僧侶大量的被屠殺，即是改朝換代后的結(jié)果。然而吳哥窟仍是只有受到少數(shù)損害，現(xiàn)在許多的廟宇仍積極的修護(hù)中。失落的城市——吳哥窟的歷史仍帶有神秘色彩，但隨著進(jìn)入“可口可樂(lè)”及“柯達(dá)”的時(shí)代和高棉的發(fā)展，吳哥窟的神秘魅力也將逐漸消失。
吳哥窟英文介紹：神秘的高棉文化古跡
his ancient city is known to the world as Angkor Wat after its most beautiful temple, but the true wonderis the city itself, which is actually called Angkor.
這座古城被世人稱為吳哥窟，以城中最美的廟宇的名字命名，而真正的奇跡是這座城市本身，這座城市實(shí)際上叫吳哥。
The first temples were completed in the eighth century by early Khmer1 king Jayavarman and his heirs kept building on his legacy. The whole of Angkor was built over a period of about 600 years. It never stopped. It was to recreate in Hindu mythology the Mount Mira, the Hindu Heaven. And the kings wanted to elevate2 themselves to a god?like status and progressive kings enlarged upon it. And so it just grew and grew. Eachking wanted to build another temple. They were trying to create Heaven on Earth.
第一批寺廟在8世紀(jì)由古高棉國(guó)王耶跋摩建成，他的后代們繼承祖業(yè)，繼續(xù)修建。吳哥的整體建筑花了大約600年的時(shí)間，并且從未停止過(guò)。它要重現(xiàn)印度神話中的米拉山——印度人的天堂。國(guó)王們想把自己提升到神那樣的位置上，于是一代一代的國(guó)王不斷地?cái)U(kuò)建，所以它就越建越大。每個(gè)國(guó)王都想新建一個(gè)廟宇，他們?cè)噲D建造人間的天堂。
The lush jungle paradise they created inevitably caught the attention of the neighboring kingdom of Siam3 now known as Thailand. After one hundred years of off and on battle, the Thai armies began to get the upper hand. At the end of it, the Cambodian people were exhausted. Their resources had run out. The Thais had a relatively easy victory when they finally sacked1 Angkor in 1431. But a mystery surrounds their victory.Without warning the Thai armies abandoned Angkor as suddenly as they conquered it and to this day no one knows why.
他們創(chuàng)建的奢華的叢林天堂不可避免地引起了鄰國(guó)暹羅王國(guó)(即現(xiàn)在的泰國(guó))的注意。經(jīng)過(guò)100年斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的爭(zhēng)斗，泰國(guó)軍隊(duì)開(kāi)始占了上風(fēng)。柬埔寨人最終筋疲力盡了，他們的資源消耗殆盡了。泰國(guó)人較易地取得了勝利，他們終于在1431年洗劫了吳哥。但他們的勝利卻罩著一層神秘的面紗。就像他們迅速征服它一樣，泰國(guó)軍隊(duì)一聲不響地迅速放棄了吳哥，至今誰(shuí)也不知個(gè)中原因。
The Royal Court just literally walked away from Angkor completely. The couple of temples were maintained and visited from time to time. But basically they just turned their back on 2 it. And the magnificent city became lost in the mists of time. Rumors of this sacred city floated throughout the jungles of Southeast Asia for centuries.
皇室完全地離開(kāi)了吳哥。一些廟宇還得到維護(hù)并不時(shí)有人來(lái)看一看，但基本上皇室已經(jīng)廢棄了吳哥。這座華麗的古城被湮滅在時(shí)間的迷霧中。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，在東南亞的叢林中，一直流傳著有關(guān)這座圣城的傳說(shuō)。
The locals were telling stories. There had been French naturalists through the area, but no one believed the tales. Then, in 1860 the French explorer Henri Mahout set out to find Angkor. One day he stepped into ajungle clearing and found himself walking through the imperial3 ruins of the ancient city. Over one hundred years later, the world is also beginning to understand the glory of Angkor.
當(dāng)?shù)厝酥v述著種種故事。曾有一些法國(guó)自然學(xué)家到過(guò)這個(gè)地方，但沒(méi)有人相信這些傳說(shuō)。后來(lái)，在1860年，法國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家亨利·馬烏開(kāi)始尋找吳哥。有一天他步入了一片叢林空地，發(fā)現(xiàn)他正走在這座古城的王國(guó)廢墟上。100多年后，世界也開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)吳哥的輝煌。
關(guān)于吳哥窟英文閱讀：柬埔寨吳哥窟旁發(fā)現(xiàn)地下巨城
An extensive network of ancient cities has been discovered in the Cambodian jungle around the ruins of Angkor Wat, the largest religious monument in the world.
日前，在全球最大的宗教紀(jì)念碑--吳哥窟遺跡附近的柬埔寨叢林里，發(fā)現(xiàn)了大片古老的城市。
Using ground penetrating lasers, scientists, researchers came back with high definition images of 12th century cities.
通過(guò)使用地面穿透激光，科學(xué)家、研究人員傳回了高清晰的十二世紀(jì)城市的圖像。
A Unesco World heritage site, Angkor Wat dates back to the first half of the 12 century. It is estimated that it took 30 years to build the temple dedicated to the Hindu deity, Vishnu, at the behest of King Suryavarman II, the ruler of the Khmer Empire
作為聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的世界遺產(chǎn)之一，吳哥窟可以追溯到12世紀(jì)的前半期。這座神殿專門供奉印度教的主神毗濕奴，是在高棉帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者蘇利耶跋摩二世的授意下建造的，據(jù)估計(jì)共花費(fèi)30年的時(shí)間建成。
The discovery of the earthen mounds by archaeologists who have been working in the area for years was reported by Livescience earlier this month.
考古學(xué)家們?cè)谠搮^(qū)域研究了數(shù)年的成果于本月初發(fā)表在《生活科學(xué)》上。
With the aid of airborne laser-scanning equipment, the researchers found huge fields of dome shaped earthen mounds, some of which were shaped into spirals. The mounds were placed on a grid, showing an ancient street pattern. In all the lasers scanned 735 square miles of the Angkor region and the results revealed an entire cityscape.
通過(guò)機(jī)載激光掃描設(shè)備的幫助，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)大片的圓頂形土丘，其中還有一些是螺旋狀的。這些土丘被安置在一個(gè)個(gè)格子里，看起來(lái)像是古代街道的樣子。激光掃描了吳哥窟附近的735平方英里的區(qū)域，結(jié)果顯示了整個(gè)古城市群。
Temples from the Khmer Empire were normally surrounded by wood and thatch buildings which have rotted away over time. But thanks to the lasers attached to the helicopters, the team was able to discover more substantial and robust structures which have stood the test of time.
高棉帝國(guó)的廟宇通常被雜草所包圍，這些建筑會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而破敗。不過(guò)，多虧有了機(jī)載激光，該團(tuán)隊(duì)能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)這些經(jīng)受住時(shí)間考驗(yàn)的更堅(jiān)固、更穩(wěn)定的建筑。
"It turned out we'd been walking and flying right over the top of this stuff for ten years and not even noticing it because of the vegetation," Damian Evans, one of the archaeologists said.
該團(tuán)隊(duì)一名名叫達(dá)米安·埃文斯的考古學(xué)家表示：“十年來(lái)，我們?cè)谶@個(gè)城市群上面走過(guò)、飛過(guò)，卻由于濃密的植被而一直未曾注意到它們。”
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