研究生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作范文
研究生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作范文
研究生考試的時(shí)候，我們一定能夠?qū)懞糜⒄Z(yǔ)作文，如果平時(shí)有在努力的話。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的研究生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作范文，供大家參閱!
研究生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作范文：A Rare Fossil Record
The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.
Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.
The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.
Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.
Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
全文翻譯：
罕見(jiàn)的化石記錄 胚胎與幼體被保存下來(lái)在化石記錄中是少見(jiàn)的事情。微小纖細(xì)的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的動(dòng)物拆散了，或者被風(fēng)化作用破壞掉了。 魚(yú)龍比起陸地的動(dòng)物 有更大的幾率被保存下來(lái)，因?yàn)樗鼈冏鳛楹Ｑ髣?dòng)物常生活在腐蝕性較小的環(huán)境中。 但是它 們的石化需要一系列因素：軟組織的腐爛速度緩慢，很少被其他動(dòng)物殘食，缺少混雜、沖走 小骨頭的快速水流和波浪，以及相當(dāng)快地被掩埋。 當(dāng)這些因素存在時(shí)，某些地區(qū)就會(huì)變成 一個(gè)充滿保存完好的魚(yú)龍化石的寶庫(kù)。在德國(guó)獲爾茲梅登，那兒的沉積物給人們提出了一個(gè) 有趣的分析案例。
人們?cè)诤谏?、含瀝青的海洋頁(yè)巖中發(fā)現(xiàn)了約 19，000 年前沉積下來(lái)的 魚(yú)龍化石。 幾年時(shí)間內(nèi)，在這些巖石中取得了數(shù)以千計(jì)的海洋爬行動(dòng)物、魚(yú)類以及無(wú)脊椎 動(dòng)物的標(biāo)本。 它們的保存質(zhì)量非常的好，但更令人稱奇的是保存下來(lái)的育有胚胎的魚(yú)龍化 石數(shù)目。 在獲爾茲梅登附近一個(gè)小地區(qū)的六個(gè)不同的頁(yè)巖層中分別發(fā)現(xiàn)了育有胚胎的魚(yú)龍 化石。 這表明大量的魚(yú)龍經(jīng)年累月重復(fù)使用一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)。 那些胚胎已經(jīng)發(fā)育得相當(dāng)完 整了。 比如，它們的蹼槳已經(jīng)完全形成了。
有一個(gè)標(biāo)本甚至被保存在產(chǎn)道中。 而且，那 塊頁(yè)巖包含著很多在 20 到 30 英寸之間的新生幼體的化石。為什么在其他地方那么稀少的懷孕雌獸和幼體在獲爾茲梅登卻那么多呢? 因?yàn)槠浔４尜|(zhì)量幾乎舉世無(wú)雙，采集工作的進(jìn)行一 直是一絲不茍的。大家都認(rèn)識(shí)到這些化石的價(jià)值極其珍貴，但這些因素并不能解釋這個(gè)有 趣的問(wèn)題： 為什么在一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)會(huì)如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚(yú)龍群呢?
研究生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作范文：The Nobel Academy
For the last 82 years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes." The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.
Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.
全文翻譯：
諾貝爾委員會(huì)
過(guò)去的 82 年里，瑞典的諾貝爾委員會(huì)決定了誰(shuí)將獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，因此也就決定了 誰(shuí)將從偉大或近乎偉大榮升為不朽。
但在今天，該委員會(huì)卻遭到了評(píng)選委員會(huì)內(nèi)外的猛烈 批評(píng)。 批評(píng)者們爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)："評(píng)選獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)邥r(shí)，起作用更大的不是真實(shí)的寫(xiě)作能力，而是該委員 會(huì)以及瑞典特有的內(nèi)部政治。 按照瑞典兩家主要報(bào)紙之一的文化版編輯 Ingmar Bjorksten 的說(shuō)法，該文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)仍然是"人們所說(shuō)的一種非常瑞典式的做為：反映瑞典口味"。對(duì)于其評(píng)選 過(guò)程中目光短淺的指責(zé)，該委員會(huì)辯護(hù)說(shuō)，該委員會(huì)與世界幾大文學(xué)之都相距遙遠(yuǎn)，實(shí)際上 使該委員會(huì)免受外來(lái)的干擾。
這也許是對(duì)的，但批評(píng)者們反駁說(shuō)，也正因?yàn)橄嗑嗳绱诉b遠(yuǎn)， 該委員會(huì)才不能準(zhǔn)確地把握文學(xué)界的真正趨勢(shì)。盡管對(duì)評(píng)選程序存在著關(guān)注，該文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)將繼 續(xù)作為世人最為推崇的文學(xué)的標(biāo)志而存在，并將繼續(xù)是作家們難以達(dá)到卻又會(huì)不斷追逐的目 標(biāo)。 如果不考慮其他因素，而僅僅考慮與之俱來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，該獎(jiǎng)也將繼續(xù)為人所渴求：
這不僅因?yàn)樵摢?jiǎng)本身就是一筆可觀的現(xiàn)金收入，而且該獎(jiǎng)還將極大地增加一個(gè)作家的著作的 銷量。
研究生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作范文：The War between Britain and France
In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonists' goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain's efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties, Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today's NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths: France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.
Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.
French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer
forces. Napoleon never lost sight of his goal, because Britain represented the last substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.
全文翻譯：
英法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
在 18 世紀(jì)后期，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)于歐洲大陸的幾乎每一個(gè)角落，在中東、南非、西印度群島、 拉丁美洲亦都是如此。
然而實(shí)際上，在這一時(shí)期只有一場(chǎng)主要的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，那就是英法之間的 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 所有其他戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都服從于這一更大的爭(zhēng)端，至少是與這兩個(gè)對(duì)手的目標(biāo)和戰(zhàn)略有某些 關(guān)聯(lián)。
法國(guó)力圖統(tǒng)治整個(gè)歐洲，而英國(guó)的自主及其力圖在整個(gè)歐洲大陸挫敗拿破侖的種種 努力都是法國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的障礙。英國(guó)通過(guò)條約建立了聯(lián)盟(和今天北約的概念沒(méi)有什么 不同)以保證英國(guó)插手所有歐洲的主要爭(zhēng)端。
這兩個(gè)對(duì)頭并不是一對(duì)好對(duì)手，因?yàn)樗麄兊牧?量極不均衡：法蘭西在陸地上稱王，英格蘭則在海上稱霸。 法國(guó)人明白，如果不能擊敗英 國(guó)海軍，他們勝利的唯一希望就是讓歐洲的所有港口都對(duì)英國(guó)艦船關(guān)閉。 于是，法國(guó)將其軍事占領(lǐng)從莫斯科延伸到里斯本，從尤特蘭延伸到卡拉布里亞，企圖以此來(lái)制服英國(guó)。 所 有這些行動(dòng)包含著巨大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榉▏?guó)并不具備足夠的軍事資源，來(lái)控制這么多地盤(pán)，同 時(shí)又能保護(hù)自己，維持國(guó)內(nèi)的秩序。法國(guó)戰(zhàn)略家們的算盤(pán)是，其海軍若擁有 150 艘軍艦，則 將足以擊跨英國(guó)海軍。 這樣的武力將使法國(guó)對(duì)英國(guó)具有 3 比 2 的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 這種優(yōu)勢(shì)被認(rèn)為是 必不可少的，因?yàn)橛?guó)人具有超群的海上技能和技術(shù)，并且打的是一場(chǎng)防御戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，使它能以 少勝多。
拿破侖從未忘卻他的目標(biāo)，因?yàn)橛?guó)是他統(tǒng)治全歐的最后一個(gè)重大的障礙。 隨著 他的力量越來(lái)越靠近這個(gè)目標(biāo)，拿破侖變得越來(lái)越不耐煩起來(lái)，開(kāi)始策劃立即攻擊。
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