初一英語美文短篇
初一英語美文短篇
美文助讀式教學(xué)的模式,是一種高效率的實(shí)用的教學(xué)模式。所謂美文,就是發(fā)表在報(bào)刊上的關(guān)于某篇課文的精美的賞析性短文或者教師自己撰寫的此類文章。學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理了初一短篇英語美文，歡迎閱讀!
初一短篇英語美文篇一
Women in Colonial North America
The status of women in colonial North America has been well studied and described and can bebriefly summarized. Throughout the colonial period there was a marked shortage of women,which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas. This favorableratio enhanced women's status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers.
The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early british colonies in North America,regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made itabsolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function.
Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty.Puritan town councils expected idows and unattached women to be self supporting and for along time provided needy spinsters with parcels of land. There was no social sanction againstmarried women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in theirtrade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home. Needy children, girlsas well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep.
The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced mostarticles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partiallythat of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women werefound in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths, gunsmiths andupholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tanyards, shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern,and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers,apothecaries, midwives, nurses, and teachers.
北美殖民時(shí)期的婦女
北美殖民時(shí)期女性的社會(huì)地位曾得到過深入研究和描述，并可簡短概括。 整個(gè)殖民時(shí)期，女性人數(shù)明顯不足，各地情況不盡相同，在邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)尤其缺少。 這種對(duì)女性有利的比例提高了她們的社會(huì)地位和職位，使她們能追求不同的事業(yè)。 清教徒是早期英屬殖民地的宗教主流。 它視懶惰為犯罪，認(rèn)為在不發(fā)達(dá)農(nóng)村社區(qū)的每一個(gè)成員都必須發(fā)揮經(jīng)濟(jì)作用。 所以已婚或單身女性工作不僅是許可的，而且被認(rèn)為是公民的義務(wù)。 清教徒的鎮(zhèn)議會(huì)認(rèn)為寡婦和未婚女性也應(yīng)該自食其力，而且在相當(dāng)長一段時(shí)期里，向貧困的老而未婚的女子提供土地。 社會(huì)不反對(duì)已婚婦女工作;相反，要求她們幫助丈夫從事他們的行當(dāng)。在家庭內(nèi)外做額外勞動(dòng)的妻子們會(huì)得到社會(huì)的贊同。貧困的兒童，女孩和男孩一樣，也要簽師徒契約做學(xué)徒，想保住這個(gè)生計(jì)就要工作。 絕大多數(shù)女性在家庭里勞動(dòng)，生產(chǎn)大部分家用必需品。 殖民時(shí)期全部的布料和衣服以及一部分的鞋都出自女性的雙手。 除了從事這些職業(yè)，婦女也從事許多不同類型的職業(yè)，如做屠夫、鐵匠、軍械工和家俱修理工。 她們經(jīng)營手工作坊、種植園、制革場、造船廠和各類商店、小旅館和供膳寄宿處。 她們當(dāng)守門人或獄卒，教堂司事、記者、印刷工、藥劑師、助產(chǎn)士、護(hù)士和教師。
初一短篇英語美文篇二
The Definition of "Price"
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which productsand services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of theUnited States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought andsold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional,transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make upthe "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad,complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less uponeverything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price",many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a productor service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreedupon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For acomplete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amountof money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with notonly the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to beexchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will bemade, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to thetransaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and otherfactors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors thatcomprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order thatthey may evaluate a given price.
初一短篇英語美文篇三
The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widelyaccepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument forthis view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world- even the seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through various means tocontrol these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring thedesired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventuallystories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some ritualswere abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art anddrama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained theseed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entirecommunity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area"and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importancewas attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumedthat task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, orsupernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or battle, the comingrain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations wereseparated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According tothis view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first throughthe use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through theassumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theaterto those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animalmovements and sounds.
戲劇的起源
關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個(gè)最普遍為人接受的理論假設(shè)認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來。 這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是這樣進(jìn)行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看成是不可預(yù)料的。 他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、令人恐懼的力量。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保留下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 隨著時(shí)間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術(shù)和戲劇提供了素材。
認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認(rèn)為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因?yàn)橐魳贰⑽璧?、面具和服裝幾乎經(jīng)常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個(gè)合適的地點(diǎn);如果不是整個(gè)社區(qū)共同參加演出，經(jīng)常在"演出區(qū)"和"觀眾席"之間劃分出明顯的分界。 另外，儀式中還有演員，而且宗教領(lǐng)袖通常承擔(dān)演出任務(wù)，因?yàn)樵趦x式的執(zhí)行中避免錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生被認(rèn)為有相當(dāng)大的重要性;他們經(jīng)常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動(dòng)物或超自然的生靈，用動(dòng)作來表演以達(dá)到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰(zhàn)斗的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復(fù)活。 最后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動(dòng)中分離了出來。 另一個(gè)追溯戲劇起源的理論認(rèn)為它來自人們對(duì)敘述故事的興趣。 根據(jù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，故事(關(guān)于狩獵、戰(zhàn)爭或者其它偉績)是逐漸豐富起來的。 首先通過一個(gè)講解人來運(yùn)用模仿、表演和對(duì)話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色;另一個(gè)與之緊密相關(guān)的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節(jié)奏感的和體操式的那一類，或者是對(duì)動(dòng)物動(dòng)作和聲音的模仿。
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