大學(xué)英語寫作修辭
英語寫作中對于修辭手法的巧妙運用,可不是大學(xué)生的專利,任何一個學(xué)習(xí)英語的人都可以做到。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的大學(xué)英語寫作修辭,供大家參閱!
大學(xué)英語寫作中修辭手法的運用
修辭手段一般主要用于文學(xué)性寫作中。但在大學(xué)英語的英文寫作中有時也需要運用一定的具有英文特征的修辭手段,而且運用得好,會使語句生動從而增添語句亮點。因此,掌握一些一般常用修辭手段對于實現(xiàn)語句亮點也是非常必要的。
對于大學(xué)英語寫作來說,主要應(yīng)該掌握以下修辭手段,又稱語句辭格,包括結(jié)構(gòu)辭格與語義辭格。對比、排比、重復(fù)、倒裝等為結(jié)構(gòu)辭格,轉(zhuǎn)義、雙關(guān)、矛盾等則為語義辭格。
1.對比正反對比就是要巧妙地運用對稱的英文句式來表達互為補充的意思,因此恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用反義詞語往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表達的內(nèi)容具有這種情況,就應(yīng)盡力選用這種對稱的句式并選用適當(dāng)?shù)姆戳x詞語來加強語句,實現(xiàn)語句的亮點。
1)如“很多人很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn),他們在物質(zhì)上是富裕了,精神上卻很貧乏”,可以這樣達:
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit.(注:句中rich in與ragged in,goods與spirit具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果。)
2)如“利遠遠大于弊”,可以這樣表達:
The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.(注:句中the advantages與the disadvantages具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果。)
3)如“他們注意到了這些說法中的一些道理,但他們卻忽視了一個重要的事實”,可以這樣表達:
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements,but have ignored a more important fact.(注:句中have noticed與have ignored,a grain of truth in
the statements與a more important fact具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果。)
4)如“這樣做既有積極效果也有消極效果”,可以這樣表達:
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.(注:句中negative與positive具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果)
5)如“我們既有與我們很為相似的朋友,又有與我們很為不同的朋友”,可以這樣表達:
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.(注:句中similar to與different from具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果)
2.排比英文中有時也使用排比句式,這種句式整齊而有氣勢,又不會使人感到單調(diào)。例如,如“讀書使我們聰明,鍛煉使我們強健”,可以這樣表達:
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3.重復(fù)英文一般講求簡潔,因此為表達強調(diào)偶爾使用重復(fù)可以使語句的強調(diào)內(nèi)容得到突出。英文的重復(fù)又根據(jù)被重復(fù)詞語在語句中的位置分為句首重復(fù)、句尾重復(fù)、首尾重復(fù)、尾首重復(fù)等。
1)如“現(xiàn)在是忘掉過去一切的時候了?,F(xiàn)在是言歸正傳的時候了?,F(xiàn)在是為未來而奮斗的時候了”,可以這樣表達:
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注:此句為句首重復(fù),重復(fù)部分為句首的now it the time to)
2)如“我們渴望成功,而且正在為成功而努力工作”,可以這樣表達:
We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注:此句為句尾重復(fù),重復(fù)的部分為句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我們能夠成功,我相信我們也一定會成功”,可以這樣表達:
I am convinced that we can succeed,and Iam convinced that we must succeed.(注:and所連接的兩個語句的句首與句尾部分同時重復(fù),重復(fù)的部分為句首的I am convinced that與句尾的succeed)
4)如“我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個新的時代,而一個改革充滿著風(fēng)險與機遇”,可以這樣表達:
We are now living in a new era,and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.(注:and之前的句尾與and之后的句首重復(fù),重復(fù)部分為a new era.)
4.倒裝這里說的倒裝不同于前述非修辭性的語法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝。非修辭性的語法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是語句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)所限定的,沒有自由選擇的余地,只要運用需要倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的句型就要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這里所說的倒裝是指修辭性語義結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝,是進行強調(diào)的一種手段,它利用了語句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如,如“充滿著風(fēng)險與機遇的改革的新時代正向我們走來”,可以這樣表達:
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5.轉(zhuǎn)義轉(zhuǎn)義是一種對詞語靈活運用的修辭手段,主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、反語、婉轉(zhuǎn)等,比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、換喻、提喻等。
1)如要表達“過去的經(jīng)歷就像圖片一樣總是在腦海中縈繞”,英文可為:
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.(注:此句采用明喻,明喻的特點是使用了like一詞)
2)如要表達“我們的英語老師就是我們最好的英語辭典”,英文可為:
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.(注:此句采用暗喻,暗喻的特點是利用事物之間的相似之處進行比喻,與明喻不同之處在于不使用like一詞)
3)如要表達“我正在讀莎土比亞的書呢”,英文可為:
I am reading Shakespeare.(注:此句采用換喻,換喻的特點是直接借用一事物的名稱宋代替另一事物的名稱,使用通過聯(lián)想理解其含義,但不是所有的事物都是可以用換喻來表達的)
4)如要表達“這里需要一個幫手”,英文可為:
A hand is needed here.(注:此句采用提喻,提喻的特點是用一個事物的部分來代表事物的整體或用一個事物的整體來代表事物的部分。這里用hand一詞代表整個人)
5)如要表達“巨大的不幸籠罩著整個城市”,英文可為:
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.(注:此句采用擬人。擬人的特點是將事物人格化)
6)如要表達“這種想法可真是偉大的愚蠢”,英文可為:
This is really a great stupid idea.(注:此句采用反語。反語的特點是故意將話反說,具有諷刺意味)
7)如要表達“我太渴望成功了。聽到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”,英文可為:
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.(注:此句采用夸張。夸張的特點是為表現(xiàn)事物的特征故意夸大其詞)
英語寫作常用修辭手法
英語中的修辭與漢語的修辭相比,分類細,種類多.下面將英語的修辭簡單介紹如下:
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性.
標(biāo)志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過比較形成. 例如:
1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
3.Metonymy 借喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻
借喻不直接說出所要說的事物,而使用另一個與之相關(guān)的事物名稱. I.以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils. 水開了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.
II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 請聽我說.
英語寫作必備修辭手法
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
VI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如:
1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的廠里約有100名工人.
2>.He is the Newton of this century.
他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓.
3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.
5.Synaesthesia 通感,聯(lián)覺,移覺
這種修辭法是以視.聽.觸.嗅.味等感覺直接描寫事物.
例如:
1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. 鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.
2>.Taste the music of Mozart.
品嘗Mozart的音樂.
6.Personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無生命的事物.
例如:
1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.
7.Hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過其實的說法表達強調(diào)的目的.它可以加強語勢,增加表達效果.. 例如:
1>.I beg a thousand pardons.
2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8.Parallelism 排比, 平行
這種修辭法是把兩個或兩個以上的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同或相似,意思相關(guān),語氣一致的短語.句子排列成串,形成一個整體.
例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy. 2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辭法
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達粗惡,避諱的話.
例如:
1>.He is out visiting the necessary.
他出去方便一下.
2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.
他與妻子關(guān)系不融洽.
3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.
10.Allegory 諷喻,比方
這是一種源于希臘文的修辭法,意為"換個方式的說法".它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.
例如:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.
2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.
11.Irony 反語
反語指用相反意義的詞來表達意思的作文方式.如在指責(zé)過失.錯誤時,用贊同過失的說法,而在表揚時,則近乎責(zé)難的說法.
例如:
1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
12.Pun 雙關(guān)
雙關(guān)就是用一個詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發(fā)揮.作出多種解釋,旁敲側(cè)擊,從而達到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的詞形.詞意和諧音的方式出現(xiàn).
例如:
1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
13.Parody 仿擬
這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語,改動其中部分詞語,從而使其產(chǎn)生新意的修辭. 例如:
1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.Rhetorical question 修辭疑問
它與疑問句的不同在于它并不以得到答復(fù)為目的,而是以疑問為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點是:肯定問句表示強烈否定,而否定問句表示強烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis 對照,對比,對偶
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語句排在一起對比的一種修辭方法. 例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2>.You are staying; I am going.
3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.
16.Paradox 雋語
這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長的說法,是一種矛盾修辭法.. 例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.
2>.The child is the father to the man.
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調(diào)和的特征形容一個事物,以不協(xié)調(diào)的搭配使讀者領(lǐng)悟句中微妙的含義.
例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
18.Climax 漸進法,層進法
這種修辭是將一系列詞語按照意念的大小.輕重.深淺.高低等逐層漸進,最后達到頂點.可以增強語勢,逐漸加深讀者印象.
例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.Anticlimax 漸降法
與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語由大到小,由強到弱地排列. 例如:
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
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