英語寫作注意事項(xiàng)
英文寫作的四種文體及注意事項(xiàng)
同文體的寫作
書面表達(dá)旨在測試學(xué)生的英語書面表達(dá)能力。高考的書面表達(dá)是一種指導(dǎo)性寫作。試題對寫作的目的,對象,體裁及字?jǐn)?shù)等都有明確的規(guī)定。提供給學(xué)生的材料形式為文字,圖畫或圖表。試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)所給的情景和要表達(dá)的意義,寫出一篇 100 字左右的文章。高考中常見的文體為記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文等。
(一)記敘文:
記敘文是以敘述人物的經(jīng)歷或事物的發(fā)展變化過程為主的一種文體。它分為記人和記事兩種。記敘文的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)為:
1. 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件,這幾個(gè)要素在寫作時(shí)要交代清楚。
2. 人稱:記敘文一般可以有第一人稱和第三人稱兩種敘事方式:第一人稱是作者以當(dāng)事人的口吻,把文章中的事情以“我”的所見所聞的方式來敘述,第三人稱是寫作者從旁觀者的角度來敘述,反映事件中的不同人的感受和見解。
3. 記敘文的線索一般為時(shí)間,即按照事件的發(fā)展順序來寫。以可以按照地點(diǎn)的線索來寫,即以地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移為順序。
4. 重點(diǎn)突出,層次分明,詳略得當(dāng)。
5. 注意文章的完整性。
6. 所用的時(shí)態(tài)通常為一般過去時(shí)。
例: NMET 2004 遼寧卷
下面四幅圖片描述的是星期天上午在中山公園里發(fā)生的一件事。請根據(jù)圖片所提供的信息用英語為你校的“英語園地”寫一篇文章。
注意:1. 短文必須包括所有圖片的主要內(nèi)容,短文的內(nèi)容要連貫,完整。
2. 短文單詞數(shù) 100左右。
3. 參考詞匯:貨攤 stand 搶奪 snatch 逮捕 arrest
寫作步驟:
1. 審題:理解圖意,將幾幅圖連成一個(gè)完整的故事。
2. 列出要點(diǎn):
地點(diǎn):公園的冰激凌貨攤旁。
人物:一名年輕婦女,一個(gè)小偷和一個(gè)老人。
事件:年輕婦女的包被搶,人們追趕,老人用傘將其絆倒,警察逮捕搶劫者,婦女和人們感謝老人。
3. 將要點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展成文,注意上下文的連接,用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞,副詞。
4. 通讀一遍,改錯(cuò)。
Possible Version:
One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman was buying an ice cream when a young man behind her snatched her handbag away. She shouted, “Stop the thief! He’s snatched my bag!” Hearing this, a few people began to run after him. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby. As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it between the snatcher’s legs. The young man fell down on the ground hard. Soon two policemen came in a police car and arrested him. The woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness.
(二)議論文:
在近幾年的高考中,議論文的比重占得越來越多,議論文的出題形式可以多種多樣,有看圖寫作、圖表、表格、書信等各種類型,但文體實(shí)際上是議論文,而有時(shí)是夾敘的議論文。議論文的寫作要點(diǎn)是:
1. 觀點(diǎn)鮮明,文章一定有一個(gè)明確的中心論點(diǎn)。
2. 層次分明,一個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)通常有幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)支持,不同層次之間要分明,過渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要總結(jié)全文,得出一個(gè)符合邏輯的結(jié)論,突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
5. 語言簡潔有力,一般不采用口語。
例:
2005年全國高考英語(福建卷)
目前,學(xué)校存在少數(shù)學(xué)生考試作弊現(xiàn)象。某英文雜志社擬對此現(xiàn)象向中學(xué)生征文,標(biāo)題是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”,請根據(jù)下列提示用英語寫一篇征文稿。
內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)如下:
主要原因:考試偏多,偏難;不用功,懶惰;取悅老師,父母
個(gè)人看法:作弊不對,影響校規(guī);要誠實(shí),努力學(xué)習(xí);……其他看法
注意:
1. 短文必須包括所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮;
2. 短文標(biāo)題與開頭已為你寫好,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù);
3. 詞數(shù):100左右;
4. 參考詞匯:作弊 cheat (v.)
寫作思路:
1. 首先審題,確定要點(diǎn)——本文的中心論題是:My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ,所以首先要提出中心論題,點(diǎn)題。
2. 接下來從兩方面來討論這個(gè)問題,可以分做兩段,現(xiàn)分析這種現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生原因, 然后很自然地過渡到自己的看法。在講述自己看法時(shí)要有鮮明的觀點(diǎn)及支持觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。
3. 最后對自己的觀點(diǎn)做簡短的總結(jié),點(diǎn)題。
Possible Version:
My opinions on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.
As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinions , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations.
(三)說明文:
說明文是以簡明的文字介紹事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、變化、功用、特征等的文章。寫好說明文的關(guān)鍵是抓住事物的特征,說明事物的順序要有一定的邏輯性。
說明文常見的順序有時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序等。
例: NMET 2004 江蘇
假設(shè)你是李曉華,住在江城。你的加拿大筆友Bob來信談到了你所居住的城市,并希望了解你家鄉(xiāng)江城的情況。請你用英語寫一封回信。回信必須包括下表中的內(nèi)容:
自然情況:位于長江邊,風(fēng)景優(yōu)美,適合居住;
成就:經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速;新建了不少工廠、住房、道路等;
存在問題:水,空氣污染;交通擁擠;
對江城發(fā)展的看法:自己擬定;
注意:
1. 回信中不能使用“江城 ”以外的地名。
2. 詞數(shù):100左右。信的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好,不計(jì)入詞數(shù)。
3. 參考詞匯:經(jīng)濟(jì) economy n.
Dear Bob,
It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.
Yours,
Xiaohua
寫作思路:
1. 首先確定這是一篇描述地方的說明文。
2. 確定寫作要點(diǎn):根據(jù)所給信息,大體可以分為三個(gè)部分——城市簡介,可以按照地理位置、自然環(huán)境、城市面貌和變化發(fā)展這樣的邏輯順序?qū)?,接下來寫你看到的問題,最后寫你的一些看法和建議。
3. 各層次之間注意使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞,讓過渡自然,結(jié)構(gòu)合理。比如: however, in my opinion 等。
Possible Version:
Dear Bob,
It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.
The city stands on the bank of the Changjiang river. It is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing rapidly in the past ten years. New factories, houses, and roads have been built. More schools and hospitals are available for its people. However, there are still some problems, such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours. In my opinion, Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically. I would also think that the growth of its population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future.
Yours,
Xiaohua
(四)應(yīng)用文:包括書信、通知、便條等。
(1)書信寫作:在我們的日常生活中,我們經(jīng)常給朋友、父母、親戚等寫信,這些信件都屬于私人信件。私人書信是寫給親朋好友的,不僅是互通信息的工具,也是交流感情的渠道。書信寫作是高考中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的一種題型。寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下要點(diǎn):
1. 寫好開頭,提一提來信里談到的各項(xiàng)事情,順筆寫來。
2. 一般先答復(fù)對方的問題,然后再談自己想要說的話。
3. 結(jié)束信時(shí)要向?qū)Ψ奖硎居焉苹蛴H切的問候。
4. 語言要自然、平實(shí)、簡潔。
Useful Expressions:
1. I’m very pleased to hear from you yesterday.
2. I’m sorry I’ve taken so long to answer your last letter.
3. We were all so pleased to hear you will be coming to visit us.
4. Look forward to hearing from you soon.
5. Please write back soon.
6. Do write to us when you have time.
7. We hope to hear from you soon.
8. Give my best wishes to the family.
例:
NMET 2005北京卷
美國中學(xué)生Jeff將要來你所在的紅星中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中文,經(jīng)協(xié)商安排住在你家。假設(shè)你是李華,請給Jeff寫一封信,按照下圖順序介紹他來中國后的生活安排。
注意:1. 信的開頭已為你寫好。
2. 字?jǐn)?shù)不少于60。
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’ re in Beijing.
寫作要點(diǎn):
1. 審清圖意 信的內(nèi)容包括以下幾點(diǎn):住宿、上學(xué)、就餐和課后活動。
2. 信可以分為三段來寫,力求結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,思路完整。
3. 注意語言親切自然,避免使用過于書面的語言,比如過多的從句或過于華麗的詞匯。
Possible Version:
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School . I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.
While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing games or swimming. It will be a lot of fun.
If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
(2)通知的寫作
通知是一種安排活動或布置工作時(shí)使用的文體,包括了口頭通知和書面通知。口頭通知是當(dāng)面向有關(guān)人員口授有關(guān)活動的信息,而書面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知給有關(guān)人員。通知的要素是時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),對象,事件具體內(nèi)容,注意事項(xiàng)等。通知的語言應(yīng)該是簡潔明了,直截了當(dāng)。還應(yīng)該注意要有一定的邏輯順序。
注意:
1)口頭通知一般都會將下列詞句放在開頭
Ladies and gentlemen
Boys and girls
May I have your attention , please?
I have something important to tell you.
結(jié)尾時(shí)會以以下句子結(jié)束:That’s all. Thank you.
2)書面通知在正文之前的正中位置寫Notice字樣,結(jié)尾要寫明時(shí)間及發(fā)出通知的單位。
例:
廣播通知:
你校學(xué)生會將為來訪的美國朋友舉辦一個(gè)晚會,要在學(xué)校廣播中宣布此事,并歡迎大家參加。為使美國朋友能聽懂,請你用英語寫一篇廣播通知。
要點(diǎn)如下:
宗旨:歡迎來訪的美國朋友
組織者:學(xué)生會
時(shí)間:7月13日(星期六)晚7:30
活動內(nèi)容:音樂,跳舞,唱歌,游戲,交換小禮品(請包裝好,簽名并在包裝外面寫上幾個(gè)祝愿詞)
May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students’ Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 PM. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.
Don’t forget: 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It’s sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.