關(guān)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子種類(lèi)(2)
關(guān)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子種類(lèi)
關(guān)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子種類(lèi)2
只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ) (或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。
1.根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu),簡(jiǎn)單句可分為5種:
(1)S+V
(2)S+V+O
(3)S+V+P
(4)S+V+InO+DO
(5)S+V+O+C
此外,還有 there be句型,這一句型具有就近原則,也即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)要看接近于be動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)名詞。
2.根據(jù)句子的功能,簡(jiǎn)單句可分為4類(lèi):
陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句
(一)陳述句
1.肯定式
2.否定式
(1)加not構(gòu)成的否定句
(2)由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing等構(gòu)成的否定句。
其中兩者的全部否定用 neither或nor,部分否定用both +not.
如: Neither of them knows French.
Both of them don't know French.
三者或三者以上的全部否定用 none, nothing, nobody, no one等,部分否定用all, many, every加not構(gòu)成
如: None of these answers are right.All these books are not mine.
(3)在某些句子中,按語(yǔ)意應(yīng)放在that從句中的否定詞not被移前到主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中,這種否定提前的情況用于think, believe, suppose等動(dòng)詞,如:I don't believe it will be very cold tomorrow.
(二)疑問(wèn)句
按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為四種
1.一般疑問(wèn)句:
(1)用Yes,No來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句。
(2)往往把be,助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于句首。
(3)在一般疑問(wèn)句中,如果提問(wèn)人對(duì)答案沒(méi)有肯定或否定的意向,句中常用非肯定詞,如:
Is there anything wrong with your car?
如果提問(wèn)人對(duì)答案有肯定的意向,即希望得到肯定的回答,則在該用非肯定詞的地方用肯定詞,如: Would you like some drink?因此,在招待客人或向人表示樂(lè)意提供幫助時(shí),通常用some代替any。
2.特殊疑問(wèn)句:
用疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞提問(wèn)的句子,不用Yes,No回答。
(1)疑問(wèn)詞作句子的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或修飾這三種成份時(shí),用疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句,
如: When will you go?
(2)疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)時(shí),與陳述句的順序相同,
如:
Whose father works in Shanghai?
Who is on duty today?
3.反意疑問(wèn)句
(1)構(gòu)成:陳述句 + 簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句
肯定 否定
否定 肯定
簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)與陳述句保持一致,只能用人稱(chēng)代詞 (there除外),簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也與陳述句保持一致,如果是否定,一定要用簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)。如:
Jim isn't a student, is he?/There are some books in it, aren't there?
(2)陳述部分I'm...結(jié)構(gòu),疑問(wèn)部分一般用aren't I,如:
I'm late, aren't I?
(3)陳述句中有l(wèi)ittle, few, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等詞表示否定時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句用肯定。
(4)陳述句中有指物的不定代詞nothing, something, anything時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中用代詞it,陳述句中有指人的不定代詞everyone, no one, someone, everybody, nobody, anybody時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中用代詞he或they,如:Everyone is here, aren't they/isn't he?
(5)陳述句的主語(yǔ)是指示代詞this, that等時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)在形式上與前者不同,但在邏輯上卻與前者一致,如:This is very important, isn't it?
(6)陳述部分如果是“I (don't) think (believe, suppose...)+賓語(yǔ)從句”時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分中的動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞保持一致,如:I don't believe she knows it, does she?
(7)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示猜測(cè)時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分與must后面部分一致,不能用mustn't,如:You must be tired, aren't you?當(dāng)must表示“有必要”時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用needn't,如:You must go home right now, needn't you?當(dāng)mustn't表示禁止時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分一般用must,如:
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
(8)祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句
肯定祈使句 +will you/won't you?
否定祈使句 +will you?
Let's...+shall we?(包括對(duì)方)
Let us...+will you?(不包括對(duì)方)
(9)感嘆句的反意疑問(wèn)句一律用否定式,并用be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),如:
What a lovely girl, isn't she?
(10)前面否定后面肯定的反意疑問(wèn)句在回答時(shí),需根據(jù)其實(shí)際情況,實(shí)際情況是肯定的,則用Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)際情況是否定的,則用No+否定結(jié)構(gòu),如:
— You can't speak English, can you?
— Yes, I can(不,我會(huì)的)
(11)關(guān)于“'d”和“'s”
注意比較:
He'd like a cup of tea, wouldn't he?/You'd better go now, hadn't you?
He's never late for school, is he?/He's never been there, has he?
4.選擇疑問(wèn)句:選擇疑問(wèn)句是用or連接詢(xún)問(wèn)的兩部分,以供選擇,答案必須是完整的句子或其省略形式,不能用Yes或No回答,如:Are you Jim or Tom?I'm Tom.
(三)祈使句
用以表示命令、請(qǐng)求或建議,主語(yǔ)通常省略。
肯定式謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形,否定式用“ Don't (Never)+動(dòng)詞原形”,Stand up, please./Don't be afraid.
(四)感嘆句
用以表示快樂(lè)、痛苦等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子稱(chēng)為感嘆句。
感嘆句有用 how或what開(kāi)頭的兩種形式。
1.How開(kāi)頭的感嘆句
(1) How+形容詞(副詞)+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。如:
How beautiful the flower is!
(2) How修飾動(dòng)詞,句型是“How+主+謂”,如:
How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!
(3) How+形容詞(副詞),省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),如:
How interesting(it is)!
2.what開(kāi)頭的感嘆句:
(1)What+(a)+形容詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),如:
What a nice horse it is! What fine weather! What good news!
(2)What(a)+名詞!
What a pity!
二、句子的成分
組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。句子的各種成分包括主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。
主語(yǔ) 句子的主體,發(fā)出動(dòng)作的人或物,表示所說(shuō)的是誰(shuí)或是什么。主語(yǔ)一般放在句首,特殊句型中,在句末,由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。如:
He was born in a small village.他出生在一個(gè)小村莊。
謂語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作特征狀態(tài)等,由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如:
She told me about that story.
主謂一致:主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)必須在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)兩方面保持一致。主謂一致的關(guān)鍵是判斷主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
1. 一般情況主語(yǔ)的數(shù)比較明確 如:
His mother works in a office.她媽媽在辦公室工作。
2. and 連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞或代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Linda and Susan are from America.琳達(dá)和蘇珊來(lái)自美國(guó)。
3. each, either, neither, another做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:
Neither of us has been to France.我們兩個(gè)都沒(méi)去過(guò)法國(guó)。
4. 由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如:
No one knows his phone number.沒(méi)有人知道他的電話(huà)號(hào)碼。
5. 由either…or…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)與距離最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如:
Not only my friends but also my sister agrees with me.我的朋友和我的妹妹都贊同我。
6. 集合名詞people, police等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),位于用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
The people were surprised to see him dancing in the street.人們很驚訝的看他在街上跳舞。
7. 集合名詞family, class等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如看作整體,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
My family has lived here for twenty years. 我們家在這里住了20年了。
His family were watching TV while the phone rang.電話(huà)響起時(shí),他們?nèi)以诳措娨暋?/p>
8. some, any, none, half 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式視情況而定。如:
Half of the students are boys. 一半學(xué)生是男生。
Half is enough.一半就夠了。
9. 時(shí)間、距離、重量、數(shù)量、價(jià)值等名詞附屬作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。如:
Ten years is not a long time.十年不算太久。
表語(yǔ) 用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征、狀態(tài)等,位于連系動(dòng)詞后??勺鞅碚Z(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)及從句等。如:
Is this pen yours? 這筆是你的嗎?
賓語(yǔ) 是動(dòng)作的承受者。及物動(dòng)詞及相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)后都必須帶賓語(yǔ)。名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式和從句均可作賓語(yǔ)。如:
The little boy waited his mother to buy him hamburgers.這個(gè)小男孩想讓他媽媽給他買(mǎi)漢堡。
有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語(yǔ),即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。直接賓語(yǔ)一般指動(dòng)作的承受者,間接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作所向的或所為的人或物(多指人)。后接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:answer, bring, buy, deny, do, fetch, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, refuse, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write等。間接賓語(yǔ)一般于直接賓語(yǔ)連用,通常放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。如:
She made her son a birthday cake.她給她兒子做了一個(gè)生日蛋糕。
They sent me a letter.他們給我寄了一封信。
定語(yǔ) 修飾名詞或代詞的句子成分??梢宰龆ㄕZ(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞、分詞短語(yǔ)及從句等。形容詞作定語(yǔ)放在名詞之前,副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在名詞后。如:
What a lovely day! 多好的日子啊!
I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多工作要做。
狀語(yǔ) 用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的句子成分稱(chēng)為狀語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、方式、程度、目的、結(jié)果等。可用作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞、不定式短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)及從句等。如:
He’s waiting for me in front of the library.他在圖書(shū)館前面等我。
They came to see me yesterday.他們昨天來(lái)看我了。