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　　中國(guó)古詩(shī)詞的英文翻譯品析

　　《孫子兵法---作戰(zhàn)篇》

　　孫子曰：凡用兵之法，馳車(chē)千駟，革車(chē)千乘，帶甲十萬(wàn)，千里饋糧。則內(nèi)外之費(fèi)，賓客之用，膠漆之材，車(chē)甲之奉，日費(fèi)千金，然后十萬(wàn)之師舉矣。

　　其用戰(zhàn)也勝，久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈，久暴師則國(guó)用不足。夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者，不能善其后矣。故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而國(guó)利者，未之有也。故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。

　　善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載，取用于國(guó)，因糧于敵，故軍食可足也。國(guó)之貧于師者遠(yuǎn)輸，遠(yuǎn)輸則百姓貧;近師者貴賣(mài)，貴賣(mài)則百姓財(cái)竭，財(cái)竭則急于丘役。力屈、財(cái)殫，中原內(nèi)虛其家，百姓之費(fèi)，十去其七;公家之費(fèi)，破軍罷馬，甲胄矢弩，戟楯蔽櫓，丘牛大車(chē)，十去其六。

　　故智將務(wù)食于敵，食敵一鐘，當(dāng)吾二十鐘;[艸+忌]桿一石，當(dāng)吾二十石。

　　故殺敵者，怒也;取敵之利者，貨也。故車(chē)戰(zhàn)得車(chē)十乘以上，賞其先得者，而更其旌旗，車(chē)雜而乘之，卒善而養(yǎng)之，是謂勝敵而益強(qiáng)。

　　故兵貴勝，不貴久。

　　故知兵之將，生民之司命，國(guó)家安危之主也。

　　Waging War

　　Sun Wu

　　In operations of war — when one thousand fast four-horse chariots, one thousand heavychariots, and one thousand mail-clad soldiers are required; when provisions are transported fora thousand li; when there are expenditures at home and at the front, and stipends forentertainment of envoys and advisers — the cost of materials such as glue and lacquer, andof chariots and armor, will amount to one thousand pieces of gold a day. One hundredthousand troops may be dispatched only when this money is in hand.

　　A speedy victory is the main object in war. If this is long in coming, weapons are blunted andmorale depressed. If troops are attacking cities, their strength will be exhausted. When thearmy engages in protracted campaigns, the resources of the state will fall short. When yourweapons are dulled and ardor dampened, your strength exhausted and treasure spent, thechieftains of the neighboring states will take advantage of your crisis to act. In that case, noman, however wise, will be able to avert the disastrous consequences that ensue. Thus, whilewe have heard of stupid haste in war, we have not yet seen a clever operation that wasprolonged. For there has never been a protracted war which benefited a country. Therefore,those unable to understand the evils inherent in employing troops are equally unable tounderstand the advantageous ways of doing so.

　　Those adept in waging war do not require a second levy of conscripts or more that twoprovisionings. They carry military equipment from the homeland, but rely on the enemy forprovisions. Thus, the army is plentifully provided with food.

　　When a country is impoverished by military operations, it is due to distant transportation;carrying supplies for great distances renders the people destitute. Where troops are gathered,prices go up. When prices rise, the wealth of the people is drained away. When wealth isdrained away, the people will be afflicted with urgent and heavy exactions. With this loss ofwealth and exhaustion of strength the households in the country will be extremely poor andseven-tenths of their wealth dissipated. As to government expenditures, those due to broken-down chariots, worn-out horses, armor and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,protective mantlets, draft oxen, and wagons will amount to 60 percent of the total.

　　Hence, a wise general sees to it that his troops feed on the enemy, for one zhong of theenemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own and one shi of the enemy's fodder totwenty shi of one's own.

　　In order to make the soldiers courageous in overcoming the enemy, they must be roused toanger. In order to capture more booty from the enemy, soldiers must have their rewards.

　　Therefore, in chariot fighting when more than ten chariots are captured, reward those who takethe first. Replace the enemy's flags and banners with you own, mix the captured chariots withyours, and mount them. Treat the prisoners of war well, and care for them. This is called'winning a battle and becoming stronger.'

　　Hence, what is valued in war is victory, not prolonged operations. And the general whounderstands how to employ troops is the minister of the people's fate and arbiter of thenation's destiny.

　　經(jīng)典的中國(guó)古詩(shī)詞的英文翻譯

　　《孫子兵法---謀攻篇》

　　孫子曰：凡用兵之法，全國(guó)為上，破國(guó)次之;全軍為上，破軍次之;全旅為上，破旅次之;全卒為上，破卒次之;全伍為上，破伍次之。是故百戰(zhàn)百勝，非善之善也;不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵，善之善者也。

　　故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法為不得已。修櫓轒辒 具器械、三月而后成，距闉，又三月而后已。將不勝其忿，而蟻附之，殺士三分之一而城不拔者，此攻之災(zāi)也。

　　故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰(zhàn)也，拔人之城而非攻也，毀人之國(guó)而非久也，必以全爭(zhēng)于天下，

　　故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。

　　故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之，敵則能戰(zhàn)之，少則能逃之，不若則能避之。故小敵之堅(jiān)，大敵之擒也。

　　夫?qū)⒄?，?guó)之輔也。輔周則國(guó)必強(qiáng)，輔隙則國(guó)必弱。

　　故君之所以患于軍者三：

　　不知軍之不可以進(jìn)而謂之進(jìn)，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是為縻軍;

　　不知三軍之事而同三軍之政者，則軍士惑矣;

　　不知三軍之權(quán)而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣。

　　三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣，是謂亂軍引勝。

　　故知?jiǎng)儆形澹?/p>

　　知可以戰(zhàn)與不可以戰(zhàn)者勝;

　　識(shí)眾寡之用者勝;

　　上下同欲者勝;

　　以虞待不虞者勝;

　　將能而君不御者勝。

　　此五者，知?jiǎng)僦酪病?/p>

　　故曰：知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不貽;不知彼而知己，一勝一負(fù);不知彼不知己，每戰(zhàn)必貽。

　　Attacking by Stratagem

　　Sun Wu

　　Sunzi said:

　　Generally in war, the best policy is to take the enemy state whole and intact, to destroy it is not. To have the enemy's army surrender in its entirety is better than to crush it; likewise, to take a battalion, a company or a five-man squad intact is better than to destroy it. Therefore, to fight a hundred battles and win each and every one of them is not the wisest thing to do. To break the enemy's resistance without fighting is.

　　Thus, the best policy in war is to thwart the enemy's strategy. The second best is to disrupt his alliances through diplomatic means. The third best is to attack his army in the field. The worst policy of all is to attack walled cities.

　　Attack a walled city only when there is no alternative. For it takes at least three months to make mantlets and shielded vehicles ready and prepare the necessary arms and equipment; for it takes another three months to build the earthen mounds for soldiers to ascend the walls. The commander who loses his impatience orders his troops to assault like swarming ants, with the result that one third of his men are slain and the city remain untaken. Such is the calamity of attacking walled cities.

　　Therefore, he who is skilled in war subdues the enemy's army without fighting. He captures the enemy's cities without assaulting them. He overthrows the enemy kingdom without prolonged operations in the field. By taking all under heaven with his "whole and intact strategy," he wins total victory without wearing out his troops. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.

　　Consequently, the art of using troops is: when you outnumber the enemy ten to one, surround him; when five to one, attack him; when two to one, divide him; and if equally matched, stand up to him. (tr.: Another version of the text reads "when two to one, stand up to him; and if equally matched, divide him.") If you are fewer than the enemy in number, retreat. If you are no match for him, try to elude him. For no matter how stubbornly a small force may fight, it must in the end succumb to greater strength and fall captive to it.

　　The commander is the country's bulwark. His proficiency in war can make the country strong, his deficiency makes it weak.

　　There are three ways by which a sovereign may bring disaster to his army:

　　One, he arbitrarily orders his army to advance or retreat when in fact it should not, thus hampering the initiative of the army.

　　Two, he interferes with the administration of the army when he is ignorant of its internal affairs, thus causing confusion among the officers and men.

　　Three, he interferes with the officers' command, unaware of the principle that an army should adopt different tactics according to different circumstances. This will create misgivings in the minds of the officers and men.

　　When an army is confused and fraught with misgivings, neighboring states will take advantage of the situation and attack. This will disrupt the army and help the enemy to win.

　　Therefore, there are five factors to consider in anticipating which side will win, namely:

　　The side which knows when to fight and when not to will win;

　　The side which knows the difference between commanding a large army and a small army will win;

　　The side which has unity of purpose among its officers and men will win;

　　The side which engages enemy troops that are unprepared with preparedness on its own part will win; and

　　The side which has a capable commander who is free of interference from the sovereign will win.

　　Bearing these points in mind, one is able to forecast victory in a war.

　　Therefore I say: Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without peril. If you are ignorant of the enemy and know only yourself, you will stand equal chances of winning and losing. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you are bound to be defeated in every battle.

　　關(guān)于中國(guó)古詩(shī)詞的英文翻譯

　　《孫子兵法---形篇》

　　孫子曰：

　　昔之善戰(zhàn)者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝。不可勝在己，可勝在敵。故善戰(zhàn)者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。故曰：勝可知，而不可為。

　　不可勝者，守也;可勝者，攻也。守則不足，攻則有余。善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者動(dòng)于九天之上，故能自保而全勝也。見(jiàn)勝不過(guò)眾人之所知，非善之善者也;戰(zhàn)勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故舉秋毫不為多力，見(jiàn)日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。古之所謂善戰(zhàn)者，勝于易勝者也。故善戰(zhàn)者之勝也，無(wú)智名，無(wú)勇功，故其戰(zhàn)勝不忒。不忒者，其所措必勝，勝已敗者也。故善戰(zhàn)者，立于不敗之地，而不失敵之?dāng)∫?。是故勝兵先勝而后求?zhàn)，敗兵先戰(zhàn)而后求勝。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能為勝敗之政。

　　兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數(shù)，四曰稱(chēng)，五曰勝。地生度，度生量，量生數(shù)，數(shù)生稱(chēng)，稱(chēng)生勝。故勝兵若以鎰稱(chēng)銖，敗兵若以銖稱(chēng)鎰。勝者之戰(zhàn)民也，若決積水于千仞之溪者，形也。

　　Dispositions

　　Sun WU

　　The skillful warriors in ancient times first made themselvesinvincible and then awaited theenemy's moment of vulnerability. Invincibilitydepends on oneself, but the enemy' vulnerabilityon himself. It follows thatthose skilled in war can make themselves invincible but cannot causean enemyto be certainly vulnerable. Therefore, it can be said that, one may know how towin,but cannot necessarily do so.

　　Defend yourself when you cannot defeat the enemy, and attack theenemy when you can.One defends when his strength is inadequate; he attackswhen it is abundant. Those who areskilled in defense hide themselves as underthe nine-fold earth; [in ancient China, the numbernine was used to signify thehighest number.] those in attack flash forth as from above thenine-foldheavens. Thus, they are capable both of protecting themselves and of gainingacomplete victory.

　　To foresee a victory which the ordinary man can foresee is not theacme of excellence.Neither is it if you triumph in battle and are universallyacclaimed 'expert,' for to lift an autumndown requires no great strength, todistinguish between the sun and moon is no test of vision,to hear thethunderclap is no indication of acute hearing. In ancient times, those calledskilled inwar conquered an enemy easily conquered. And, therefore, thevictories won by a master of wargain him neither reputation for wisdom normerit for courage. For he wins his victories withouterring. Without erring heestablishes the certainty of his victory; he conquers an enemyalreadydefeated. Therefore, the skillful commander takes up a position in which hecannot bedefeated and misses no opportunity to overcome his enemy. Thus, avictorious army alwaysseeks battle after his plans indicate that victory ispossible under them, whereas an armydestined to defeat fights in the hope ofwinning but without any planning. Those skilled in warcultivate their policiesand strictly adhere to the laws and regulations. Thus, it is in their powertocontrol success.

　　Now, the elements of the art of war are first, the measurement ofspace; second, theestimation of quantities; third, calculations; fourth,comparisons; and fifth, chances of victory.Measurements of space are derivedfrom the ground. Quantities derive from measurement,figures from quantities,comparisons from figures, and victory from comparisons. Thus, avictorious armyis as one yi [an ancient Chinese weight, approximately equivalent to 24ounces]balanced against a grain, and a defeated army is as a grain balanced againstone yi.

　　It is because of disposition that a victorious general is able tomake his soldiers fight withthe effect of pent-up waters which, suddenlyreleased, plunge into a bottomless abyss.