科普類英語文章

　　隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展和全球化進(jìn)程的不斷加快，科普文章在向社會(huì)大眾普及科學(xué)技術(shù)知識(shí)，提高公眾科學(xué)素養(yǎng)等方面發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來的科普類英語文章，歡迎閱讀!

　　科普類英語文章

　　生物與環(huán)境平衡的危機(jī)

　　The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.

　　During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. "Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation," as a scientist has said.

　　It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.

　　The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.

　　To adjust to these chemicals would require not merely the years of a man’s life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as "pests."

　　It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. I contend, furthermore, that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.

　　地球上生命的歷史一直就是一部生物與其環(huán)境相互作用的歷史。在很大程度上，地球上動(dòng)植物的形態(tài)以及習(xí)性都是由外部環(huán)境所塑造的?？紤]到地球上生命存在的整個(gè)時(shí)間，相反作用，即生命對(duì)其周圍環(huán)境的實(shí)際改變作用，卻相對(duì)很小。只有在當(dāng)前這個(gè)世紀(jì)(指20世紀(jì))才有一個(gè)物種--人類，獲得了強(qiáng)大的力量，改變了其所生存的世界的自然狀態(tài)。

　　在過去的1/4世紀(jì)中，這種力量不僅日趨強(qiáng)大，而且其性質(zhì)也發(fā)生了變化。在人類破壞環(huán)境的種種行為中，最令人擔(dān)憂的是人類向大氣、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危險(xiǎn)甚至致命物質(zhì)，而當(dāng)今這種污染在很大程度上是無法挽救的。在當(dāng)今這種對(duì)環(huán)境的普遍污染中，化學(xué)制品與輻射狼狽為奸，改變著地球的自然狀態(tài)，也就是改變著地球上生命的自然狀態(tài)。噴灑到農(nóng)田、森林或者花園里的化學(xué)物質(zhì)長期滯留于土壤中，滲入有機(jī)體內(nèi)，并彼此相傳，形成了一個(gè)中毒與死亡的鏈條。化學(xué)物質(zhì)還神秘地通過地下水傳遞，最終以新的形式出現(xiàn)并結(jié)合，使植物毒死，牲畜害病，并使飲用一度純凈的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科學(xué)家所言：“人類甚至對(duì)自己創(chuàng)造的惡魔都不認(rèn)識(shí)。”

　　地球歷經(jīng)了許多億年才創(chuàng)造了棲息其上的生命。經(jīng)過了一定時(shí)間--不是以若干年計(jì)而是以若干千年計(jì)的時(shí)間--生命開始適應(yīng)環(huán)境，并形成了一種與環(huán)境的平衡。但是在現(xiàn)代世界中，時(shí)間這一因素已經(jīng)沒有了。

　　環(huán)境改變的速度不再順從大自然從容不迫的節(jié)奏，而是順從人類急切匆匆的步伐。輻射是當(dāng)今人類通過支配原子而得到的一種非自然的創(chuàng)造物?；瘜W(xué)制品則是人類有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造力的頭腦創(chuàng)造出來的合成物，在自然界本無相應(yīng)的東西。

　　為了適應(yīng)這些化學(xué)制品，人類需要付出的時(shí)間不會(huì)只是一個(gè)人一生的時(shí)間，而是幾代人的時(shí)間。而即使這樣，就算出現(xiàn)奇跡成為可能，這種適應(yīng)也是徒勞的，因?yàn)樾碌幕瘜W(xué)制品從我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中源源不斷地涌出。僅在美國，每年就有大約500種化學(xué)制品投入使用，其中許多是用于人類對(duì)自然的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。從20世紀(jì)40年代中期起，人類已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了200多種基本化學(xué)制品用來消滅昆蟲、野草以及其他所謂的“有害生物”。

　　我不是說人類決不能使用化學(xué)殺蟲劑。我要說的是，我們不分青紅皂白地將這些有毒的、具有強(qiáng)大生物功能的化學(xué)制品，交給了那些對(duì)這些制品的潛在危害基本上或者完全無知的人去使用。我們使眾多的人接觸這些有毒物質(zhì)，卻沒有征得他們的同意，并常常將他們蒙在鼓中。我還要說的一點(diǎn)是，我們?cè)试S使用這些化學(xué)制品，卻事先很少或者根本沒有調(diào)查它們對(duì)土壤、水、野生生物以及人類自身造成的影響。我們?nèi)狈?duì)萬物賴以生存的自然界生態(tài)統(tǒng)一的關(guān)心，對(duì)此，我們的后代是不可能原諒的。

　　科普類英語文章

　　基因技術(shù)能否使人更聰明?Get Smart

　　Many people dream of having a smarter brain. Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z. Tsien found the key. In September he announced that he’d built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory. A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.

　　The secret lies in a feature of brain cells called the nmda receptor, which Tsien likens[1] to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates[2] the flow of information. When the window is open, chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature, the window begins to close. (This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)

　　Tsien noticed that the receptor worked more efficiently when teamed[3] with the gene NR2B, so he introduced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs. In a normal mouse, the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second. In Tsien’s specially engineered mice, the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second, long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention. When he pitted[4] his mice against common mice, they won paws down. Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours, but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days. "That’s a profound enhancement," Tsien says.

　　Can it be done with humans? Maybe, but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Meanwhile, Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab, far from your larder. "Otherwise," he says, "you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."

　　許多人都希望自己能變成更聰明。普林斯頓神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家Joseph Z. Tsien就找到了這把開啟智慧之門的鑰匙：他于九月宣布，通過改變影響學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力的基因培養(yǎng)出了一只聰明的老鼠。類似的基因處理技術(shù)有望在未來日子里運(yùn)用到人腦，以推動(dòng)人類智慧的飛躍。

　　該技術(shù)的奧秘就在于名為nmda感受器的腦細(xì)胞的功能。Tsien將其比作一個(gè)傳遞信息流的圓柱通道或窗口。當(dāng)窗口開放時(shí)，某種稱為神經(jīng)傳遞素的化學(xué)物質(zhì)就能輕易流過，記憶因此登記并存儲(chǔ)了下來。然而，當(dāng)器官成熟時(shí)，這扇窗口就開始關(guān)閉。(這也能解釋為何兒童長大后(性器官成熟之時(shí))會(huì)失去掌握新語言的能力，以及為何某些人年老時(shí)會(huì)患失憶)。

　　Tsien注意到，當(dāng)感受器與名為NR2B的基因協(xié)作時(shí)效率會(huì)更高。因此，他將NR2B基因植入一批老鼠的受精卵中。一只普通老鼠的記憶之窗僅開放千分之150秒。而經(jīng)Tsien植入基因的老鼠，記憶之窗能開放千分之250秒，這已經(jīng)能夠使其記憶力發(fā)生驚人的改變。當(dāng)他讓自己的老鼠與普通老鼠互斗時(shí)，它們竟能輕而易舉地取勝。普通老鼠能夠保留關(guān)于Lego block的記憶12小時(shí)，而聰明的老鼠居然能將記憶保持三天。“這可是一個(gè)意義深遠(yuǎn)的進(jìn)步。”Tsien這樣說。

　　那么，人類也能接受這種基因移植嗎? 或許可以，但前提是基因工程得首先做出非凡的成就，還必須解決一系列棘手的倫理問題。Tsien保證他一定會(huì)將那些披著毛皮的小天才鎖入實(shí)驗(yàn)室，遠(yuǎn)離人們的食品柜。“否則，”他說，“為了捉住他們，人們就不得不去尋找更聰明的貓或者功能更強(qiáng)的捕鼠器了。”

　　科普類英語文章

　　食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品安全嗎?Food Safe To Eat?

　　Traditional plant breeding involve s crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.

　　Genetic engineering(GE)involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other.GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species――e.g.putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin――but what other effects may it have in this alien environment?We are already seeing this problem――adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow――but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable.

　　It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA――but what side-effect would it have?In other words，is GM food safe to eat?The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.

　　Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for10weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.

　　The current position of the UK Government is that“ There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.”In the US，the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.

　　傳統(tǒng)的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然雜交的方式，進(jìn)行相同物種的人工雜交。比如，抗病小麥同高產(chǎn)小麥雜交，形成了一種具有雙重特性的新的小麥品種。這種自然的基因交換既安全，又具有相當(dāng)?shù)目深A(yù)見性。

　　基因工程是在彼此毫無關(guān)系的物種之間，相互交換在自然條件下無法交換的基因。它可在有巨大差異的物種之間進(jìn)行基因交換。比如，將蝎子毒素基因注入玉米，或者將魚防凍基因注入西紅柿。即使在玉米DNA中，蝎子毒素基因依然可能獲得有機(jī)組織產(chǎn)生蝎子毒素。但是在這種異質(zhì)的環(huán)境中，這種基因產(chǎn)品會(huì)有什么其他作用嗎?我們實(shí)際上已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)問題：將人類生長荷爾蒙基因植入豬的體內(nèi)，一定會(huì)使豬的生長加速，但是同時(shí)也使豬患上了關(guān)節(jié)炎和內(nèi)斜視，而這一切是完全無法預(yù)測(cè)的。

　　打個(gè)比方，人類的智力基因顯而易見在人體DNA內(nèi)和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。但將它植入卷心菜中會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的副作用呢?換句話說，食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品安全嗎?沒有人知道答案，因?yàn)槿藗兩形催M(jìn)行長期的測(cè)試。

　　在英國或者美國，一個(gè)公司如果希望其轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品獲得批準(zhǔn)，它必須向管理機(jī)構(gòu)提供本公司轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品安全測(cè)試的結(jié)果。Monsanto的大豆在獲得批準(zhǔn)之前，曾用了10周時(shí)間進(jìn)行喂魚試驗(yàn)。目前，尚無要求對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行獨(dú)立測(cè)試、長期測(cè)試、人體測(cè)試，或者就其對(duì)兒童及過敏者所造成的特定危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)試。

　　英國政府目前的態(tài)度是：“尚無證據(jù)表明食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品存在長期性的危險(xiǎn)。”在美國，人們正在起訴美國食品藥品管理局掩蓋轉(zhuǎn)基因食品安全性的研究結(jié)果，這些研究結(jié)果表明，食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品可能導(dǎo)致危險(xiǎn)。