雪花是怎樣形成的英語
冬季，大雪紛飛，蒼茫無際。雪花是怎么形成的呢?用英語如何解釋呢?學習啦小編在此整理了雪花形成的原因中英文，供大家參閱，希望大家在閱讀過程中有所收獲!
雪花形成原因(漢語篇)
雪花是由小冰晶增大變來的，而冰的分子以六角形的為最多，因而形成雪花多是六角形的，并且每一片雪花的形狀沒有一模一樣的。雪花形狀的多種多樣，則與它形成時的水汽條件有密切的關(guān)系。
對于六角形片狀冰晶來說，由于它面上、邊上和角上的彎曲程度不同，相應(yīng)地具有不同的飽和水汽壓，其中角上的飽和水汽壓最大，邊上次之，平面上最小。在實有水汽壓相同的情況下，由于冰晶的面、邊、角上的飽和水汽壓不同，其凝華增長的情況也不相同。如果云中水汽不太豐富，實有水汽壓僅大于平面的飽和水汽壓，水汽只在面上凝華，這時形成的是柱狀雪花;如果水汽稍多，實有水汽壓大于邊上的飽和水汽壓，水汽在邊上和面上都會發(fā)生凝華，由于凝華的速度還與彎曲程度有關(guān)，彎曲程度大的地方凝華較快，所以在冰晶邊上凝華比面上快，這時多形成片狀雪花;如果云中水汽非常豐富，實有水汽壓大于角上的飽和水汽壓，這樣在面上、邊上、角上都有水汽凝華，但尖角處位置突出，水汽供應(yīng)最充分，凝華增長得最快，所以多形成枝狀或星狀雪花，故又名六出。
再加上冰晶不停地運動，它所處的溫度和濕度條件也不斷變化，這樣就使得冰晶各種部分增長的速度不一致，形成多種多樣的雪花。
雪花形成原因(英語篇)
Snowflakes nucleate around mineral or organic particles in moisture-saturated, subfreezing air masses. They grow by net accretion to the incipient crystals in hexagonal formations. The cohesive forces are primarily electrostatic.
Nucleus
In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or "ice nucleus" must be present in (or in contact with) the droplet to act as a nucleus. The particles that make ice nuclei are very rare compared to nuclei upon which liquid cloud droplets form; however, it is not understood what makes them efficient. Clays, desert dust and biological particles may be effective, although to what extent is unclear. Artificial nuclei include particles of silver iodide and dry ice, and these are used to stimulate precipitation in cloud seeding.[4] Experiments show that "homogeneous" nucleation of cloud droplets only occurs at temperatures lower than −35 °C (−31 °F).
Growth[edit]
Once a droplet has frozen, it grows in the supersaturated environment, which is one where air is saturated with respect to ice when the temperature is below the freezing point. The droplet then grows by deposition of water molecules in the air (vapor) onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected. Because water droplets are so much more numerous than the ice crystals due to their sheer abundance, the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers or millimeters in size at the expense of the water droplets. This process is known as the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process. The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the droplets to evaporate, meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets' expense. These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates. These aggregates are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground. Guinness World Records list the world's largest (aggregate) snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana; allegedly one measured 15 inches (38 cm) wide. Although this report by a farmer is doubtful, aggregates of three or four inches width have been observed. Single crystals the size of a dime (17.91 mm in diameter) have been observed. Snowflakes encapsulated in rime form balls known as graupel.
Cohesion
The exact details of the sticking mechanism remain controversial. Possibilities include mechanical interlocking, sintering, electrostatic attraction as well as the existence of a "sticky" liquid-like layer on the crystal surface. The individual ice crystals often have hexagonal symmetry. Although the ice is clear, scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows/imperfections mean that the crystals often appear white in color due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small ice particles. The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed. Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry — triangular snowflakes. The most common snow particles are visibly irregular, although near-perfect snowflakes may be more common in pictures because they are more visually appealing. It is unlikely that any two snowflakes are alike due to the estimated 1019 (10 quintillion) water molecules which make up a typical snowflake,[8] which grow at different rates and in different patterns depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground.
Symmetry
A non-aggregated snowflake often exhibits six-fold radial symmetry. The initial symmetry can occur because the crystalline structure of ice is six-fold. The six "arms" of the snowflake, or dendrites, then grow independently, and each side of each arm grows independently. Most snowflakes are not completely symmetric. The micro-environment in which the snowflake grows changes dynamically as the snowflake falls through the cloud, and tiny changes in temperature and humidity affect the way in which water molecules attach to the snowflake. Since the micro-environment (and its changes) are very nearly identical around the snowflake, each arm can grow in nearly the same way. However, being in the same micro-environment does not guarantee that each arm grow the same; indeed, for some crystal forms it does not because the underlying crystal growth mechanism also affects how fast each surface region of a crystal grows.Empirical studies suggest less than 0.1% of snowflakes exhibit the ideal six-fold symmetric shape. Very occasionally twelve branched snowflakes are observed; they maintain the six-fold symmetry.
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