英語句型、此類、句子成分詳細解析
英語句型、此類、句子成分詳細解析
英語句型、此類、句子成分詳細解析,小編在這里整理了相關知識,希望能幫助到大家。
30個英語句型和詳細解釋
1 as…as 和……一樣
中間必須用形容詞或副詞原級。例如:
This classroom is as big as that one.
這間教室和那間一樣大。
He runs as fast as Tom. 他和湯姆跑的一樣快。
否定結(jié)構(gòu):not as/so…as,“不如……”。上面的兩個句子可分別改為:
This classroom is not as/so large as that one.
這間教室不如那間大。
He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.
他跑得不如湯姆快。
2 as soon as 一……就……
用來引導時間狀語從句。若主句是一般將來時,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him.
我一看到他就告訴他這個計劃。
He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work.
他一完成工作就回家。
3be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. 忙于/喜歡/討厭/繼續(xù)/完成做某事
在enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy等詞語后,一般用動詞-ing形式作賓語。例如:
Lin Tao is busy making a model plane.
林濤正忙著做飛機模型。
My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper.
我媽媽喜歡晚飯后散步。
I hate watching Channel Five.
我討厭看五頻道。
When someone asked him to have a rest, he just went on working.
當有人讓他休息一會兒時,他仍繼續(xù)工作。
I have finished writing the story.
我已經(jīng)寫完了故事。
4fill…with 用……裝滿......; be filled with 充滿了……;be full of 充滿了......
?、賐e filled with 說明由外界事物造成的此種狀態(tài),表示被動。例如:
The box is filled with food.
盒子里裝滿了食物。
?、赽e full of說明主語處于的狀態(tài)。此外,還可表示程度,意為“非?!?。例如:
The patient’s room is full of flowers.
那個病人的房間擺滿了花。
The young man is full of pride.
那個年輕人非常驕傲。
③這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以相互改寫。例如:
I fill the box with food. The box is full of food.
5 be good/bad for 有利于/有害于……
此句型是:be+adj.+for+n.結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
做早操對你的健康有益。
Always playing computer games is bad for your study.
總玩電腦游戲?qū)δ愕膶W習不利。
6 be used to(doing) sth. 習慣于……
后必須接名詞或動名詞,可用于現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的多種時態(tài)。be 可用get,become來代替。 例如:
He is used to life in the country.(He is used to living in the country.)
他習慣于鄉(xiāng)村生活。
He will get used to getting up early.
他將會習慣于早起。
注意:be used to do 的意思是“被用來做……”。例如:
Wood is used to make paper.
木材被用來造紙。
7 both…and…兩者都……
用來連接兩個并列成分;當連接兩個并列主語時,其后謂語動詞用復數(shù)。例如:
Both the students and the teachers will go to the History Museum tomorrow.
不論老師還是學生明天都會去歷史博物館。
8 can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
help在此的意思是“抑制,忍住”,其后接動詞-ing形式。例如:
His joke is too funny. We can’t help laughing.
他的笑話太有趣了,我們禁不止笑了起來
9 sth. costs sb. some money 某物花費某人多少錢
此句型的主語是物。cost一詞帶的是雙賓語,它的過去式、過去分詞和原型一樣。
This book cost me five yuan.
這本書花了我五元錢。
10 either…or… 不是……就是……,或者……或者……
用來連接兩個并列成分,當連接并列主語時,謂語動詞與鄰近的主語保持一致。
You may either stay here or go home.
你可以呆在這兒,也可以回家。
Either she or I am right. = Either I or she is right.
不是她對就是我對。
11 enough (for sb.) to do sth. 足夠……做……
在此結(jié)構(gòu)中,for用來引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如:
The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on.
這冰還沒有厚到你可以在上面走的程度。
12 feel like doing sth. 想要做……
此處like為介詞,后面跟動詞-ing形式。此句型與would like to do sth.同義。例如:
I feel like drinking a cup of milk.
我想喝一杯牛奶。
13 feel/find/think it adj./n. to do sth. 認為某事……
在此結(jié)構(gòu)中it為形式賓語,不定式短語作真正的賓語。例如:
I find it very interesting to play football.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)踢足球很有趣。
She thinks it her duty to help us.
她認為幫助我們是她的職責。
14 get ready for sth./ to do sth.
get ready for sth.意為“為某事做準備”;get ready to do sth.意為“準備做某事”例如:
We are getting ready for the meeting.
我們正在為會議做準備。
They were getting ready to have a sports meet at that moment.
他們那時正準備開運動會。
15 get/receive/have a letter from 收到……的來信
相當于hear from 例如:
Did you receive a letter from John?
你收到約翰的來信了嗎?
I got a letter from my brother yesterday.
我昨天收到了我弟弟的一封來信。
16 had better (not) do sth. 最好(別)做某事
had better為情態(tài)動詞,其后需用動詞原形。had better常用縮寫,變成’d better,其否定形式是在其后直接加not。例如:
We had better go now. = We’d better go now.
我們最好現(xiàn)在走吧。
You’d better not go out because it is windy.
今天刮風,你最好別出去了。
17 have sth. done 使(某事)完成 (動作由別人完成)
sth.為賓語,done為過去分詞作補語。例如:
We had the machine repaired.
我們請人把機器修好了。
注意區(qū)分: We have repaired the machine. 我們(自己)已經(jīng)修好了機器。
18 help sb. (to) do sth./with sth. 幫助某人(做)某事
其中的to可以省略。例如:
I often help my mother with housework.
我常常幫助媽媽做家務。
Would you please help me (to) look up these words?
請你幫助我查查這些詞好嗎?
19 How do you like……? 你認為……怎么樣?
與what do you think of …?同義。 例如:
How do you like the weather in Beijing?你
認為北京的天氣怎么樣? 你覺得這部新電影如何?
20 I don’t think/believe that… 我認我/相信……不……
其中的not是對賓語從句進行否定而不是對主句否定(否定前移)。that可省略。例如:
I don’t think it will rain.
我認為天不會下雨。
I don’t believe the girl will come.
我相信那女孩不會來了。
21 It happens that… 碰巧……
相當于happen to do。例如:
It happened that I heard their secret.
可改寫為: I happened to hear their secret.
我碰巧聽到了他們的秘密。
22 It’s/has been +一段時間+since從句 自從某時起做某件事情已經(jīng)一段時間了
該句型中since引導的時間狀語從句常用一般過去時。例如:
It’s twenty years since he came here.
他來這里已經(jīng)20年了。
It has been six years since he married Mary.
他和瑪麗結(jié)婚已經(jīng)六年了。
23 It is +adj./n. + for sb. to do sth. 做某事對某人來說……
It是形式主語,真正的主語是不定式to do sth。例如:
It’s not easy for us to study English well.
對我們來說學好英語并不容易。
It’s a good idea for us to travel to the south.
去南方旅行對我們來說是個好主意。
24 It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth.
It是形式主語,to do sth.是真正的主語, 當表語(即形容詞)能對邏輯主語描述時,常用介詞of,而不用for。例如:
It’s very polite of you to give your seat to old people.
你給老人讓座,非常有禮貌。
25 It seems/appears (to sb) that… (在某人看來)好像……
此句中的it是主語,that引導的是表語從句。例如:
It seems that he is lying. 看樣子他好像是在撒謊。
It appears to me that he never smiles. 在我看來,他從來沒有笑過。
26 It is +數(shù)詞+metres/kilometers long/wide… ……是多少米(公里)長(寬)
用來表示物體的長(寬,高),如數(shù)詞大于一,名詞要用復數(shù)。例如:
It is 20 metres long from this end to that end. 從這端到那端有二十米長。
27 It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人干某事的時候了
it是形式主語,真正的主語是動詞不定式to do sth. 例如:
It’s time for the child to go to bed.
孩子該睡覺了。
比較下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu):
① It’s time for + n. 例如:
It’s time for school.
?、贗t’s time to do sth. 例如:
It’s time to go to school.
28 It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花費某人多少時間做某事
it是形式主語,真正的主語是動詞不定式to do sth。例如:
It takes her fifteen minutes to walk to the bus stop from here.
從這兒走著到公交車站將花費她15分鐘。
It took the old man three days to finish the work.
那個老人花了三天時間完成這項工作。
29 keep (on) doing sth. 一直堅持做某事
keep doing sth.一般用于靜態(tài)動詞。keep on doing sth.意為“繼續(xù)不停地做某事”,一般用于動態(tài)動詞,但二者的區(qū)別并不是很嚴格,有時可以互換。例如:
Don’t keep on doing such foolish things.
不要再做這樣的傻事了。
He kept sitting there all day.
他整天坐在那里。
30 keep…from doing sth. 阻止......做某事
相當于stop…from doing sth., prevent…from doing sth. 在主動句中,stop和prevent后面的from可以省略,但在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中,from不可以省略。例如:
Please keep the children from swimming in the sea.
請別讓孩子到海里游泳。
The big noise outside my room stopped me from doing my homework.
屋外巨大的噪音使我不能做作業(yè)
英語語法中此類句子成分和構(gòu)詞法解析
詳解
1、詞類
英語詞類分十種:名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
(1)名詞(n.):表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,
(2)代詞(pron.):主要用來代替名詞。如:who,she,you,it .
(3)形容詞(adj.):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如:good,right,white,orange .
(4)數(shù)詞(num.):表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
(5)動詞(v.):表示動作或狀態(tài)。如:am,is,are,have,see .
(6)副詞(adv.):修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如:now,very,here,often
(7)冠詞(art.):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a,an,the.
(8)介詞(prep.):表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in,on,from,above,.
(9)連詞(conj.):用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and,but,before .
(10)感嘆詞(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.
2、句子成分
英語句子成分分為七種:主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。
(1)主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。
如:I’m Miss Green.
(2)謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。
如:Jack cleans the room.
(3)表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如:My name is Ping ping。
(4)賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。
如:He can spell the word.
有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如:He wrote me a letter..
有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調(diào)間接賓語。如:He wrote a letter to me .
(5)定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔任。如:Shanghai is a big city .
(6)狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如:He works hard .
(7)賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。
如:They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.
同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?
3、構(gòu)詞法
英語構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
(1)合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。
(2)派生法:
1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,
如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge
2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous
?、轈hinese;Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an
如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious
3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,
如:slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。
(3)轉(zhuǎn)換法:
1)形容詞→動詞,
如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
2)動詞→名詞,如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。
3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early,fast→fast等等。
5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續(xù)),等等。
4、習慣用語
由于英語國家的語言習慣與中國的語言習慣有許多不同之處,所以造成了許多同學在做選擇或書寫,或與人交談中造成誤用中國方式來對英語的問句作解答。
例如一個小女孩十分好看,可愛,外國人見到時會講:You are so beautiful,這時的答語應該是Thank you,如果外國人發(fā)現(xiàn)你的英語不錯,他們會講:Your English is very good,這時中國人常常會說:不,我說的不好。這純是一種禮貌的答語,但是不符合英語習慣。它正確的答語應是Thank you。
雖然交際英語有一些規(guī)律可講,但更重要的是學習外國的生活習慣,了解他們的文化背景,歷史淵源,這樣才能真正的學好一門外語。
正誤辨析
【誤】 - What can I do for you? - Yes, please help me.
【正】 - What can I do for you? - I'd like to buy a sweater.
【析】 What can I do for you? 這一問語實際上用于的情景很多,要根據(jù)具體情況而定。如在商店中售貨員講這句話應譯為:您想要點什么?在其他場合也可以被譯為:我能為您做些什么?它的答語應是直接講出想讓對方提供的幫助。
【誤】 - Which colour do you like? - Sorry,I don't like.
【正】 - Which colour do you like? - I prefer blue.
【析】 由which來提問的問句是要回答具體的選擇,而不能泛指,泛泛的回答。如Yes, I like it.
【誤】 Do you like to come with us tonight?
【正】 Would you like to come with us tonight?
【析】 Do you like…問的是對方的習慣,如:Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而would you like… 則是一次性的邀請、提議。邀請的英語表達法還有如下幾種:
Shall we go? 我們走吧! Let's go? 讓我們走吧!
How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶如何?
What about a cup of coffee喝杯咖啡如何?
Why not buy it? 為什么不買呢?
其肯定答語一般為Certainly, Yes, O.K.All right, With pleasure
【誤】 - Sorry, I've kept you waiting - Not at all.
【正】 - Sorry, I've kept you waiting - Never mind.
【析】 “介意不介意”這一問法與答語在中英文中有所不同。如:
- Do you mind my smoking here? - ________.
A. Yes, do it please. B. No, of course not.
C. Yes, take it please. D. No, you can't take it.
這時正確的選擇應是B。其意為:不介意,當然不。而A選項則自相矛盾了,它應譯為:是的我介意,請抽吧。而D選項是:不介意,你不能抽。當向?qū)Ψ綘幥笠庖姇r,可以有 以下問法:
Do you mind if I open the door?
Would you mind mailing the letter for me?
其答語如果是同意應為:Certainly not,not at all.
而不同意時應為Yes或I'm sorry.
【誤】 - What's that man? - He is Mike.
【正】 - What's that man? - He is a teacher.
【正】 - Who's that man? - He is Mike(He is Mike's father)
【析】 由what提問是問的職業(yè),由who提問問的是姓名或身份。
【誤】 - How much are they? - Half a kilo, please
【正】 - How many bananas do you want?
- Half a kilo, please.
【析】 How much are they?問的是價格而不是實際物品的多少。
【誤】 I'm sorry, but is this the way to the park?
【正】 Excuse me, but is this the way to the park?
【析】 I'm sorry 是對已經(jīng)做錯了的事向?qū)Ψ降狼笗r的開始語。而Excuse me是在打擾對方之前表達歉意的話。
【誤】 - Have a good time tonight! - You are the same.
【正】 - Have a good time tonight! - The same to you.
【析】 The same to you是表達我也祝您有個愉快的夜晚,它是美語中的習慣用法。
【誤】 - What's the problem? - I've got a headache.
【正】 - What's wrong with you? - I've got a headache.
【析】 What's wrong with you?是詢問對方身體狀態(tài)如何,而What's the problem?是問對方遇到了什么麻煩。
【誤】 - Now, I'm back Can I play? - Perhaps. You'd better do your homework first.
【正】 - Now, I'm back Can I play? - I'm afraid not. You'd better do your homework first.
【析】 Perhaps是表示對一種拿不準的事態(tài)的推論,如:Am I right? Perhaps而I'm afraid not則表達一種不同意的態(tài)度。be afraid 的幾種用法有:
I'm afraid that you are right.
其后直接加賓語從句。
- Will you come to my birthday party?
- I'm afraid not I have to go to see my father. He is in hospital.
其后+not,表示否定。
- Sorry, I don't want to go there alone, I'm afraid of the dog/
其后+名詞,表示對某人,某物的害怕。
Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam.
其后+of + 動名詞,表示害怕做某事。
Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam.
其后+ 不定式,表示不敢去做某事。
【誤】 - How soon will you be ready? - Two days.
【正】 - How soon will you be ready? - In two days.
【析】 此題關鍵是要根據(jù)情景,身臨其境,要注意的是對方問了什么,就應答什么?;虼鹆耸裁淳蛻獑柺裁础ow soon問的是“還有多久才能作完”,這時要用 in two days, 即在兩小時之內(nèi)即可以作完。如用 How long 提問,則答語可以用two days。
【誤】 - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- I don't mind
- Monday and Tuesday of next week.
【正】 - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- When exactly.
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
【析】 有的對話是復雜的,稍有不慎就有可能選錯,而且英語中如選錯了答案是不容易找出錯來的。I don't mind是可以用來回答 Would you mind…這一提問的,但如仔細看一看則會發(fā)現(xiàn)我們要選用的不是陳述句而是疑問句。根據(jù)下面一句的答語來判定要用when exactly?什么時間,這樣才能與下句中具體的時間相符合。
【誤】 Suppose your name is Tom. The phone rings and you pick it up. The first word you say will probably be “Who are you?”
【正】 Suppose your name is Tom. The phone rings and you pick it up. The first word you say will probably be “Hello? This is Tom speaking?”
【析】 在英語學習中,習慣用法實際上在某種情況,或某種意義上講比語法更為重要。如果只從句子的角度上去分析,它們可能都是對的。比如,當你拿起電話時,如果你想知道對方是誰,可以問“Who's that(speaking)?”但不要講“Who are you?”如果你想先介紹一下自己可以講“This is ×××× speaking”而不要講“I'm ××××”也不要講“My name is ×××××.”就語法而論,“Who are you?”“I'm ××××”“My name is ×××××”并不錯,也是英語中可用的句子,但就打電話這一場合,就不宜用了。
【誤】 - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I don't hope so.
【正】 - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I hope not.
【析】 由于初學者對實際英語口語中表達感情意愿的答語不熟悉,如在肯定答語中I think so,I hope so,I believe so是相同的,但在否定句中卻常用I don't think so,但I don't believe so和I don't hope so則意為:我不信此事和我不希望此事發(fā)生。而I believe not和I hope not則為:我想可能不會發(fā)生吧!
【誤】 - Is anybody there? - No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【正】 - Is everybody there? - No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【析】 許多學生在寫作和選擇答語或問句時總要語法在前,而不是習慣用語在先。所以總是要拘泥疑問句中的不定代詞,用anybody。但是Is anybody there? 在英語中為:這里有人嗎?而Is everybody there?為:全都到齊了嗎?所以首先要考慮的是其答語。No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【誤】 - Your handwriting is very good! - No, my handwriting is very poor.
【正】 - Your handwriting is very good! - Thank you.
【析】 中國人遇到別人稱贊,總是以謙遜為美德。但英美人則往往認為自信是美德。所以當別人夸獎你或贊美你時,就應說:Thank you。又比如中國人見面時常講Where are you going? 或Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人則認為你過多的干預別人的私生活了。而他們見面時往往問一些無關緊要的話,如:Hello! How are you going? (你過得怎樣)Morning! 等。而good morning和How do you do則被認為是較正規(guī)的問候語,在日常生活中則十分少見。
【誤】 When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: “Excuse me, I'll go first”
【正】 When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: “Excuse me, I have to go.”
【析】 這兩句答語都是正確的,其關鍵不是語法,而是習慣問題。如果在這樣的場合你講I'll go first朋友們會迷惑不解,而 I have to go則表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要離去,而你本人則十分不愿做此事。
【誤】 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, and I'm too busy.
【正】 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, but I'm too busy
【析】 I'm too busy與I'd like to在意義上正好相反。所以要用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。這里考查了對詞義合乎邏輯的表達能力。所以要強調(diào)語言環(huán)境,更要強調(diào)在語言的基礎上的詞語辨析。
【誤】 - Where's Deter?
- Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet.
【正】 - Where's Deter?
- Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet.
【析】 由于but所引出的句子可以看出Deter的來與不來是十分不確定的,所以應用may 來表達一個不肯定的事件。
【誤】 - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Great, You look well too.
【正】 - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Thanks, You look well too
【析】 要注意的是Great在口語中多表示驚嘆,而Thanks則表示感謝對方的稱贊。所以對情景談話要有準確的判定,要根據(jù)情景,身臨其境,上下對照,周密思考,弄清場合,注意英美人的風俗習慣,注重語義上的詞語辨析,并要進行大量的語言實踐練習,擴大實際交際能力。
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