托福閱讀推斷題的解題技巧(實(shí)例詳解)
托福閱讀考試中有很多的題型，其中有一類題型讓考生有心理陰影和恐懼，尤其是其中的“推斷”兩個(gè)字，通過(guò)這兩個(gè)字大家有沒(méi)有想到柯南、福爾摩斯之類的帶有懸疑色彩的東西。但是托福閱讀推斷題真的有這么可怕嗎?我們應(yīng)該如何去應(yīng)對(duì)呢?
托福閱讀推斷題的解題技巧(實(shí)例詳解)
應(yīng)對(duì)托福閱讀推斷題，考生要如何去應(yīng)對(duì)呢?毋庸置疑，推斷題一定有一定的難度所在，這點(diǎn)我們從托福考試官方指南(og)的改變上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)一些端倪。第三版og上，推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題，第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見(jiàn)一斑。
那么，我們改如何應(yīng)對(duì)推斷題呢?推斷題真的像我們想象的這么難么?
今天我們一起來(lái)從考查形式上來(lái)解刨一下推斷題。
題干特征：推斷題的題干經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)infer,suggest,imply, indicate這類單詞
考查形式主要分為兩大類：對(duì)比推斷和細(xì)節(jié)推斷，而后者出現(xiàn)的幾率更大。
考查形式一：對(duì)比推斷
A時(shí)間對(duì)比：一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，它們所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文會(huì)出現(xiàn)before1990的信息，而題目會(huì)問(wèn)after 1990的信息?
解決方案：收集問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)的信息，然后取反。
注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)的詞 before, after, not…until…
例題
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main,the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for theraising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to bebreaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first greatwave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 onlya seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more thana third lived there.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
答案D
對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmersto escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periodswhen commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
B直接對(duì)比：兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事物的特征——如原文會(huì)出現(xiàn)A的特點(diǎn)，然后會(huì)有B和A相比較的信息，然后題目問(wèn)B的特點(diǎn)?
解決方案：收集題干所問(wèn)的推斷對(duì)象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對(duì)象)的全部信息(一般為上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的與之相關(guān)的信息(一般為上述的A)的基礎(chǔ)之上取反。
注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示對(duì)比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, incomparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。
例題
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-aremammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Theirstreamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowholecannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of seaotters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on landand at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fullymarine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walkingmammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearlyintermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
答案A
對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, andwalruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision whatthe first whales looked like.
考查形式二：細(xì)節(jié)推斷
考查細(xì)節(jié)判斷，事物的特點(diǎn)，屬性等。
解決方案：收集題干所提問(wèn)的推斷對(duì)象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對(duì)象)的所有信息。如果推斷對(duì)象所涉及的信息比較多，難以抓到重點(diǎn)，則逐個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行定位篩選。
例題
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground,filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoricwater; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoricwater is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain andsnow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, beforeemerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enoughspace in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walkon?
○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
答案C
AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.
BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is thegroundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.
C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” groundunderfoot to hold all this water.
DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, fromprecipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
綜上所述，推斷題并沒(méi)有我們想象的那么晦澀。它仍然是關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)層面的題目，主要考查考生收集和題目相關(guān)的信息和梳理這些信息的能力。我們需要做到：
1把題干提問(wèn)的推斷對(duì)象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。
2記住所看即所得，不要過(guò)分推斷，不要腦補(bǔ)。
3任何文章中出現(xiàn)的信息都有可能考查推斷，所以不要忽略任何一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。
新托福在閱讀中如何記筆記?
1、抓住主題段和主題句的關(guān)鍵詞。
托福文章中的主題段和主題句都是參與搭建文章結(jié)構(gòu)的主要部分，因此記錄幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)于把握全文的結(jié)構(gòu)非常重要。同時(shí)，文章中有很多的重要信息也會(huì)包含在這部分內(nèi)容中。
2、關(guān)注時(shí)間和數(shù)字。
通常來(lái)講，出現(xiàn)時(shí)間概念的文章或段落通常和時(shí)間順序有關(guān)，作者會(huì)用不同的時(shí)間點(diǎn)串出一條時(shí)間線索。而個(gè)別數(shù)字的出現(xiàn)則意味著這個(gè)數(shù)字所闡述概念的重要性是不 容忽視的，因此，除非文章中出現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)堆積的現(xiàn)象，考生都需要把數(shù)字記錄下來(lái)。在記錄時(shí)間和數(shù)字時(shí)需要注意兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，一是在記錄時(shí)間的同時(shí)要同步記錄下該時(shí)間點(diǎn)所發(fā)生事件的關(guān)鍵詞，二是無(wú)論文章中的時(shí)間和數(shù)字是什么形式，考生在記錄的時(shí)候都一律記錄成阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，以便于之后做題時(shí)的查詢。
3、注意人名、地名和專有名詞。
這些概念在文章中出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，一般都會(huì)出現(xiàn)大寫(xiě)字母或引號(hào)等標(biāo)記，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，當(dāng)提到這幾個(gè)具體的概念時(shí)，文章通常是在用這些概念說(shuō)明某個(gè)理論或者觀點(diǎn)，因此記錄下這些概念對(duì)于理解相關(guān)理論和觀點(diǎn)可以起到一定的輔助作用。
4、記錄舉例主體。
為了說(shuō)明某些理論和觀點(diǎn)，文章中會(huì)出現(xiàn)大段的舉例文字。實(shí)際上，托?？荚囍锌疾檫@些例子具體內(nèi)容的時(shí)候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用這些例子的原因或它們所證明的觀點(diǎn)。因此，考生在快速筆記中只需要記錄下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所闡述的具體信息，可以適當(dāng)忽略。
5、關(guān)注新概念和局部核心概念。
所謂“新概念”是指當(dāng)考生讀到文章某個(gè)位置時(shí)，之前沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)的概念。這種新概念的出現(xiàn)，意味著已有的概念已經(jīng)不能說(shuō)明這里要闡述的問(wèn)題，所以，新概念的出現(xiàn)必然也意味著一個(gè)重要信息的出現(xiàn)。而“局部核 心概念”是指在連續(xù)的幾個(gè)段落中集中闡述的主題概念，對(duì)于這種概念來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)論是作為觀點(diǎn)還是舉例大家都應(yīng)該注意，因?yàn)樗@然是作為重點(diǎn)在文章中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的。
6、注重重要的邏輯關(guān)系。
很多考生在閱讀文章的時(shí)候只注意到了文章所闡述的重要內(nèi)容，但是忽略了信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系，因而對(duì)信息關(guān)聯(lián)理解不準(zhǔn)確，這也是一種嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。因此，在閱讀過(guò)程中記錄下信息之間所產(chǎn)生的邏輯關(guān)系可以避免考生丟失信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)信息。
托福閱讀技巧：要搞清楚做題順序
上文提到的托福閱讀最基本的做題順序又能衍生變化出兩種做題順序：讀一段文章，做相應(yīng)的題目，然后再讀一段，再做相應(yīng)的題目;讀文章各段首句，然后看題目，再找文章內(nèi)相應(yīng)部分做題。
對(duì)于多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，可能“讀文章各段首句，然后看題目，再找文章內(nèi)相應(yīng)部分做題”的托福閱讀做題順序會(huì)比較合適，讀各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和結(jié)構(gòu)，做題再看內(nèi)容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是這種做法不利于對(duì)全文的消化吸收，從而不利于做總結(jié)題，也可能會(huì)遺漏文章內(nèi)的一些細(xì)節(jié)而導(dǎo)致做錯(cuò)細(xì)節(jié)題。而新托福目前反饋大都是順序出題的，所以建議練習(xí)時(shí)就盡量往“讀一段做相應(yīng)題目，再讀一段再做相應(yīng)題目”這一順序去靠攏，可以對(duì)文章有全面的把握，雖然總量上還是要讀完全文，但是對(duì)大腦的短期記憶的負(fù)擔(dān)要比通讀全文再做題目小很多。
在IBT閱讀中，甚至可以擴(kuò)展到ETS所有考試的閱讀題目中，如果要用一個(gè)詞來(lái)概括的話，那就是paraphrase，意譯。無(wú)論是題干還是正確選項(xiàng)，大都能在原文中找出一句話來(lái)與之相對(duì)應(yīng)。即題目是原文的意譯。這種意譯是通過(guò)同義詞來(lái)完成的。即題干中多用近義詞來(lái)對(duì)原文中的句子進(jìn)行替換，來(lái)達(dá)到提出問(wèn)題或者提出正確答案的意思。準(zhǔn)確把握意譯，是多數(shù)題目中準(zhǔn)確在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑選項(xiàng)中選出正確的那個(gè)，都有著重要的作用。
關(guān)于先看題目還是先看文章的問(wèn)題。也就是做題時(shí)間安排的問(wèn)題。由于對(duì)問(wèn)題的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基礎(chǔ)上，每個(gè)問(wèn)題又有足夠的時(shí)間返回全文，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都一一進(jìn)行斟酌。
托福閱讀文段一般都依照老美的思路來(lái)成文，首段、尾段、首句、尾句以及過(guò)渡段(句)很重要，只要是依據(jù)美國(guó)人的閱讀思路來(lái)安排托福閱讀做題順序，那托福閱讀就不會(huì)像你想象的那樣難以拿分。
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