托福閱讀文章類型解析，這些分類你了解嗎
今天小編為廣大托?？忌淼耐懈ｉ喿x文章類型解析，為了幫助廣大的托?？忌鷤冞M(jìn)行更好的復(fù)習(xí)，小編特整理了此內(nèi)容，最后希望同學(xué)們都能戰(zhàn)勝托福中的重重難關(guān)，沖向終點(diǎn)，更多精彩內(nèi)容盡在學(xué)習(xí)啦，預(yù)?？忌〉美硐氤煽?jī)!
托福閱讀文章類型解析，這些分類你了解嗎
按照托福閱讀文章的出處與選材范圍，大家是能夠把這些文章歸為三類：說(shuō)明文、議論文、史實(shí)文。三者合一統(tǒng)稱為：學(xué)術(shù)性文章。這種類型的文章，一定要有著說(shuō)理性特質(zhì)，相當(dāng)于行文邏輯大部分都遵循的是相對(duì)固定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。
(1)Topic 話題：相當(dāng)于文章的主角是什么。就好像講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究其中的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史事件;在大家所做的托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，通常要求具備三個(gè)組成部分：在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解。
(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。如果話題是其中一個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，那么方面也許可劃分成若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;如果話題則是某個(gè)歷史事件，那么方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期;在托福文章中，通常都是根據(jù)各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，把各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體。
(3)Attitude態(tài)度：相當(dāng)于文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度?；蚴欠e極肯定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，前面 3要素加在一起即為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大部分都是遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生們能夠通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致討論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
在大致上閱讀文章又分為以下順序結(jié)構(gòu)：
好壞順序。在大家介紹新產(chǎn)品時(shí)，一般是去首先說(shuō)它的幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，后面再去說(shuō)它缺點(diǎn)。在介紹某一種現(xiàn)象時(shí)，同樣是會(huì)首先說(shuō)它帶來(lái)的好處，再說(shuō)它的壞處。
時(shí)間順序。在大家敘說(shuō)一個(gè)事物史的發(fā)展時(shí)，通常都是采取時(shí)間漸進(jìn)的方式進(jìn)行敘述。先怎么樣，再怎么樣，最后又是怎么樣。
空間順序。在大家介紹一個(gè)事物時(shí)，還會(huì)采用空間移動(dòng)的順序。其中的是如何，外面又是如何，前面又怎么樣，后面怎么樣，上面怎么樣，下面又是怎么樣。
因果類結(jié)構(gòu)。也就是全文都是圍繞著某個(gè)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。典型文章desert formation，在文章開(kāi)頭的第一段就出現(xiàn)這樣的內(nèi)容：The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. 首先對(duì)沙漠的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了描述，緊接著就趕緊扣題下定義，告訴我們什么是沙漠化。現(xiàn)象交代完了之后，出題段的第三段就迅速展開(kāi)了原因的描述，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)第三段和第五段開(kāi)頭分別是這樣的：Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. 以及There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.這樣就交代了兩個(gè)原因，分別是loss of vegetation和soil’s ability to absorb water. 同學(xué)們讀到這里就要開(kāi)始有預(yù)判斷了，預(yù)料下面是否開(kāi)始說(shuō)一些其他的原因呢?帶著這樣的疑問(wèn)去看，發(fā)現(xiàn)第六段說(shuō)的是：Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. 第九段針對(duì)overirrigation展開(kāi)論述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接著第十段就是對(duì)沙漠化的前景進(jìn)行展望。至此整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就很清楚了。了解了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于接下來(lái)的文章會(huì)有預(yù)判斷，讀起來(lái)就會(huì)前后連貫，會(huì)有效減少文章閱讀的心理難度。
比較對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)。最為典型的是artisan and industrialization. 整篇文章也是分為了兩個(gè)部分，前兩段都在說(shuō)手工作坊時(shí)代的生產(chǎn)方法，從第三段開(kāi)始介紹機(jī)器大工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的情況以及帶來(lái)的工人罷工。雖然整篇文章共有6段，但是我們?nèi)绻梢耘袛喑鑫恼碌慕Y(jié)構(gòu)就可以輕易地將文章分為兩個(gè)部分，而且兩部分之間還是比較對(duì)比的關(guān)系，就將一篇長(zhǎng)文章讀短了，降低閱讀難度。
問(wèn)題解決方法結(jié)構(gòu)。典型文章是Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer，前四段介紹了Ogallala含水層的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及使用過(guò)度帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，后兩段就開(kāi)始介紹治理的方法。這種文章的結(jié)構(gòu)不如因果類的明顯，但是也可以通過(guò)這樣的思路將文章前后串起來(lái)，降低閱讀難度。
分類結(jié)構(gòu)。典型的例子就是aggression。開(kāi)頭第一段交代了When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people. 于是我們大概知道文章是對(duì)aggression的研究方法進(jìn)行闡述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑體字標(biāo)注出了三種研究方法，分別是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach.至此文章結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然，我們很清楚知道文章分成了三個(gè)部分，每一部分之間是并列關(guān)系。
新東方推薦托福閱讀策略：表格題
一、表格題分為兩大類：總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題。
1、總結(jié)表格題
相對(duì)而言， 總結(jié)表格題的出現(xiàn)頻率要高于對(duì)比表格題，這是由它們自身特點(diǎn)，出題方式和原文是否具備對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系這三方面的因素決定的。
2、題的出題模式有兩種：
一種是針對(duì)全文內(nèi)容出題，答案由全文的主題，細(xì)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)支持段落的概述三部分組成。另外一種是針對(duì)文章中的重點(diǎn)支持性段落出題，答案由這些重點(diǎn)支持性段落主題，段落結(jié)論，以及重點(diǎn)支持性例子的概述三部分組成。這里我們重點(diǎn)看第一種出題模式。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子，
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.
Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the 1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers.
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work.
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks. ]
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points
The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.
1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.
2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s
Answer Choices
(1)Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks.
(2)The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill.
(3)Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.
(4)The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s.
(5)Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.
(6)Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year.
解題基本思路：首先確定這個(gè)題目屬于總結(jié)表格題，其主題為The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.(鱈魚漁業(yè)帶動(dòng)了紐芬蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展已經(jīng)有好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。)后面三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容都是圍繞這個(gè)論點(diǎn)展開(kāi)：因?yàn)闈O業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)人們忽略了過(guò)度捕殺來(lái)的問(wèn)題;盡管采取各種限制捕殺政策，鱈魚的庫(kù)存還是不斷減少而其數(shù)量也沒(méi)有回升的跡象;加拿大政府從20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始想辦法來(lái)繁榮紐芬蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)。通過(guò)對(duì)上面這些句子和主題的分析，我們已經(jīng)可以猜出文章的主要內(nèi)容，人們的過(guò)度捕殺導(dǎo)致自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源-鱈魚數(shù)量不斷減少。根據(jù)這個(gè)理解然后看答案。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，我們知道選項(xiàng) A ，C， E與文章的內(nèi)容和題目表格內(nèi)容相符合。其中B內(nèi)容在文章中有，但是不符合，D的內(nèi)容也是正確的，但是與E相比，E更合適，而F 直接排除掉。
3、總結(jié)表格題做題三大步驟：
判斷題目類型(全文型還是段落型)--------------根據(jù)題目類型找主題、細(xì)節(jié)和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正確答案。
4、對(duì)比表格題
對(duì)比表格題都會(huì)有明確的對(duì)比項(xiàng)，也就是在文章中幾個(gè)不同事物之間相對(duì)比。這類型的題目相對(duì)于總結(jié)表格題來(lái)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)單。只要按照文章題目的要求，返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具體解題方法和總結(jié)表格題相同，所以這里就不贅述了。
總之，判斷題目類型(總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題)--------------根據(jù)題目類型找主題、細(xì)節(jié)和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正確答案是解決這類問(wèn)題的最佳策略。
托福閱讀策略：推理題
推斷題就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是沒(méi)有直接加以說(shuō)明，需要考生從已知中推出。推理題的題干中常出現(xiàn)infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等詞語(yǔ)。根據(jù)OG， 在IBT 閱讀的3篇文章中，每篇會(huì)有0-2道這類問(wèn)題，一次考試總共有3-4道推斷題。
一、推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題。
這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說(shuō)題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。
二、推理題的三個(gè)具體的解題思路：
1、一般對(duì)比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對(duì)比特征，問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。這個(gè)比較抽象，我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。
三、解答這類題目需要注意的信息點(diǎn)：
1.日期和數(shù)字。
2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may, can , could…;表示過(guò)去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福閱讀文章類型解析，這些分類你了解嗎相關(guān)文章：