托福閱讀4大類文章主要結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)例分析提速?gòu)牧私饨Y(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)始
托福閱讀文章話題種類很多，其中有許多學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的文章從未接觸過(guò)此類話題的同學(xué)可能會(huì)覺(jué)得很難看懂理解，其實(shí)想要看懂這類文章或是提升閱讀速度，考生完全可以從分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)的角度入手。本文將為大家介紹托福閱讀的4大類主要文章結(jié)構(gòu)，一起來(lái)看。
托福閱讀4大類文章主要結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)例分析 提速?gòu)牧私饨Y(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)始
1、Problem/Solution(問(wèn)題與解決方法)
Problem/Solution解決方法類文章指的是文章一開(kāi)頭就拋出一個(gè)問(wèn)題，而主題內(nèi)容是在就這個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行探討給出答案。此類文章最明顯的特征就是在開(kāi)頭段背景引入部分會(huì)引入問(wèn)題，然后下面給出幾種可能的解釋。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》這篇文章，開(kāi)頭段講東西方人都想要彼此進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，但是苦于陸上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上貿(mào)易，可是又存在一系列的問(wèn)題。接著文章就具體描述存在的問(wèn)題以及是如何克服掉這些阻礙的。主要問(wèn)題介紹完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最后的文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題總結(jié)出來(lái)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是跟這些主要問(wèn)題相關(guān)的。
2、Classification(分類)
Classification指的是文章對(duì)某一個(gè)大的話題進(jìn)行分類討論，這類文章結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰，能夠讓我們一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》為例，文章討論的大的話題是symbiotic relationship(共生關(guān)系)，文章在第一段就直接寫明有3種symbiotic relationships，然后接下來(lái)分段論述這3種共生關(guān)系分別有什么樣的特點(diǎn)。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于我們做文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題非常有利，因?yàn)閟ummary通常就是把所分的幾個(gè)小類分別用一個(gè)選項(xiàng)概括出來(lái)。把握住了文章中3種共生關(guān)系的主要特點(diǎn)，最后一題也就手到擒來(lái)了。
同樣屬于分類結(jié)構(gòu)的文章還有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》，TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》，TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，讀文章時(shí)要注意記錄各個(gè)類型的主要特點(diǎn)，這樣在面對(duì)最后一題時(shí)即便時(shí)間有限也可以從容不迫。
3、Comparison/Contrast(比較)
Comparison/Contrast指的是文章中含有兩種相關(guān)的事物，將這兩種事物在各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了一系列的比較，其實(shí)整體結(jié)構(gòu)類似于上面所說(shuō)的分類。比較典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the Desert》，文中主要介紹了沙漠中的水，將其中的河流分為兩大類：Endogenous Rivers(內(nèi)流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然后分別論述這兩大類的主要特征。
在碰到這種類型的文章時(shí)，往往最后會(huì)出一道表格題，要求考生總結(jié)兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象的特征。表格題區(qū)別于文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題的一大特點(diǎn)是，選項(xiàng)中包含的細(xì)節(jié)比較多。不同于小結(jié)題的選項(xiàng)高度概括，表格題本質(zhì)上其實(shí)是基于全文的細(xì)節(jié)題，需要看的內(nèi)容比較多，所以在前面看文章時(shí)需要記好筆記，將文章主要行文結(jié)構(gòu)弄清楚：這兩類事物的本質(zhì)區(qū)別是什么?分別在哪些段落講述了各自的特征?確定好大的框架，最后做題時(shí)進(jìn)行定位不至于慌亂。
類似的文章還有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。
4、Cause/Effect(因果)
Cause/Effect又稱現(xiàn)象解釋型文章，所指的是一篇文章討論的話題是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，就這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的形成原因或是產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果花了大量篇幅進(jìn)行介紹。最為典型的一篇文章就是官方指南中的《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介紹沙漠化形成的各種原因，最后文章小結(jié)也就是將這些原因當(dāng)中比較重要的幾點(diǎn)總結(jié)出來(lái)，所以概括時(shí)主要關(guān)注每個(gè)段落的中心句即可。官方指南中的《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都屬于此類文章。
托福閱讀答題如何做到精準(zhǔn)
以下的錯(cuò)誤，你犯了沒(méi)有?
1、不讀完文章，直接做題。這種方法相當(dāng)于瞎子摸象，對(duì)文章只有局部而主觀的認(rèn)知，整個(gè)文章的概念是根本無(wú)法獲得的。以自己的思想去猜測(cè)文章大意，很多時(shí)候會(huì)偏離主旨。所以，這種不看文章直接做題的方法是極其危險(xiǎn)的。
2、一字不漏地細(xì)讀文章，再做題。如果你的閱讀速度超群，或者這篇文章你很熟悉，那這樣做未嘗不可。但是一般來(lái)說(shuō)，采用細(xì)讀會(huì)導(dǎo)致做題時(shí)間嚴(yán)重不足。要知道，閱讀理解測(cè)試的不止是理解，更是速度。
3、詞匯題迷信自己的記憶。在做詞匯題時(shí)，許多考生認(rèn)為做不對(duì)題與自己的詞匯量有關(guān)，認(rèn)識(shí)單詞能做對(duì)，不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就會(huì)做錯(cuò)。事實(shí)上，那些認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞經(jīng)常做錯(cuò)，不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞反而能做對(duì)。原因是，做不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí)，考生往往會(huì)仔細(xì)研讀詞匯題的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí)，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是裝模作樣的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉擇。所以，做好詞匯題關(guān)鍵在于透徹分析上下文所要表達(dá)的涵義。
從題型來(lái)看，TOEFL閱讀的特點(diǎn)是題量大，涉及的詞匯面廣。要想考好閱讀，要求考生不光有扎實(shí)的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，還需要精準(zhǔn)的做題策略。
第一步：花兩三分鐘時(shí)間掃描每篇文章頭一兩個(gè)句子，做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的scanning，定位文章難易程度，以及了解文章大致主題。雖然平均每篇文章做題時(shí)間為11分鐘，但是有的文章七八分鐘便可以輕松對(duì)付，有的文章則需要15分鐘左右，所以這其中的時(shí)間安排就需要考生自主調(diào)節(jié)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，5篇文章中有2篇難度大一些，按部就班做題就有可能因時(shí)間不夠而做錯(cuò)好幾道題甚至是來(lái)不及做，帶來(lái)巨大的損失。因此首先定位文章難易程度，同時(shí)目測(cè)文章的題量分布，這有助于科學(xué)分配閱讀部分的做題時(shí)間，是非常必要的。
教師在線指導(dǎo)，如何備考托福閱讀考試
第二步：通過(guò)閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行scanning。所謂結(jié)構(gòu)，即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科學(xué)，大多是結(jié)構(gòu)明確的議論文、說(shuō)明文，它們最顯著的特點(diǎn)是呈板塊結(jié)構(gòu)。 TOEFL文章均由數(shù)個(gè)自然段組成，正確的閱讀文章的方法應(yīng)該是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句經(jīng)常為文章主題，然后把首段的其他句子盡快略讀，文章其他段落采取同樣的方法閱讀。各段落其他句子一般來(lái)說(shuō)都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明各個(gè)段落的主題句，同時(shí)也應(yīng)該看一下第二句，如果有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，則此時(shí)第二句才是這一段的主旨。沒(méi)有必要每個(gè)句子都理解，很多時(shí)候這樣做無(wú)疑是白白浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，從而正確引導(dǎo)下一步做具體的題，而不至于出現(xiàn)大方向的理解錯(cuò)誤。而自始至終考生應(yīng)該遵循這條原則：看完文章，才能開(kāi)始做題。
做題時(shí)，考生們應(yīng)該明白以下道理：
1、有據(jù)可循。每篇文章題目都根據(jù)文章布局一步一步向前推進(jìn)，即使有個(gè)別題打亂文章布局，在題干里總是有提供信息的關(guān)鍵詞將考生帶入文章的具體部位。
2、回歸原文。做題時(shí)，根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回歸文章尋找重現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞或其釋義的語(yǔ)言區(qū)域，同時(shí)排除相應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)。
3、整句分析。遇到難句子時(shí)，應(yīng)該對(duì)其進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析，排除修飾成分，尋找主干部分，從而迅速把握整個(gè)句子的意思，不要盯著單個(gè)的詞不放，不然就會(huì)因小失大。
4、基于事實(shí)。每個(gè)問(wèn)題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)或者是對(duì)文章中相關(guān)部分的正確釋度、或者是歪曲原文、或者與原文毫不相干。換句話說(shuō)，命題專家在設(shè)置試題時(shí)會(huì)玩一些文字游戲，用各種表達(dá)形式讓考生暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向、霧里看花?？忌鷳?yīng)該明白自己的職責(zé)是辨別真?zhèn)危业椒衔恼乱馑己皖}意的選項(xiàng)。
托福閱讀真題1
The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.
Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.
Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.
1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT
(A) nesting materials
(B) four skeletons in good condition
(C) two fragmented skeletons
(D) a single feather
2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) confused with others
(B) gradually weakened
(C) protected from destruction
(D) lost permanently
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis
of
(A) imprints of bones
(B) imprints of feathers
(C) the neck structure
(D) skeletons
4. The word they in line 10 refers to
(A) indications
(B) fossils
(C) dinosaurs
(D) characteristics
5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?
(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx
(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils
(C) To explain the evolutionary history of Archaeopteryx
(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx
6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were
(A) dinosaurs
(B) birds
(C) Archaeopteryx
(D) crows
7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) comfortable
(B) combined
(C) consistent
(D) complementary
8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by
birds EXCEPT
(A) migrating
(B) nesting
(C) singing
(D) running
9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) achieved
(C) observed
(D) merited
PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB
托福閱讀真題2
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber — or lint — from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States — west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time
when
(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products
(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry
(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
(D) cotton became the most important American export product
2. The word favored in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) preferred
(B) recommended
(C) imported
(D) included
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for
cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
4. The word laborious in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfamiliar
(B) primitive
(C) skilled
(D) difficult
5. According to the passage , one advantage of Sea island cotton was its
(A) abundance of seeds
(B) long fibers
(C) long growing season
(D) adaptability to different climates
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United
States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?
(A) More cotton came from Sea island cotton plants than before.
(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.
(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.
7. The word surge in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sharp increase
(B) sudden stop
(C) important change
(D) excess amount
8. The author mentions wheat and wheat flour in line 23 in order to
(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.
(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.
(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.
(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.
9. The word unprecedented in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) profitable
(C) not seen before
(D) never explained
10. According to the passage , the Mississippi River was
(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops
(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery
PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA
托福閱讀4大類文章主要結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)例分析 提速?gòu)牧私饨Y(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)始相關(guān)文章：
★ 托福閱讀題型講解
托福閱讀4大類文章主要結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)例分析提速?gòu)牧私饨Y(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)始
