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官方真題Official4托福閱讀Passage1原文文本

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

官方真題Official4托福閱讀Passage1題目

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

Question 2 of 14

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

A. cause some deer to hibernate

B. make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

C. make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

D. prevent deer from migrating during the winter

Question 3 of 14

The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. consists of

B. combines

C. restricts

D. establishes

Question 4 of 14

The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. impatiently

B. humorously

C. continuously

D. immediately

Question 5 of 14

The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.

B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.

C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.

D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

Question 7 of 14

Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?

A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

B. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

C. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

D. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

Question 8 of 14

The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period

A. whose end has not been determined

B. that does not begin when expected

C. that lasts only briefly

D. whose importance remains unknown

Question 9 of 14

Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.

B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.

C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.

D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.

Question 10 of 14

The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. decline

B. recovery

C. exchange

D. movement

Question 11 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

Question 12 of 14

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

A. A reduction in the number of predators

B. Restrictions on hunting

C. The effects of logging and fire

D. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.

A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.

B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.

C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.

D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.

E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.

F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.

官方真題Official4托福閱讀Passage1解析

Question 1 of 14

正確答案：D

題目解析：以White-tailed deer做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.說白尾鹿過去是什么什么地方的，現(xiàn)在是什么什么地方的，也就是它們的生活環(huán)境發(fā)生了變化，所以D不再在原來的地方生活正確。A說反，white-tailed deer現(xiàn)在生活在lowlands和marshes，而不是A說的來源于;B的比較關(guān)系原文無提及;C的replace沒有提及。

Question 2 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：段落倒數(shù)第二句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.”意思是：深秋時(shí)，鹿可能會(huì)從夏天高海拔吃草地區(qū)遷移到低地地區(qū)。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因?yàn)楦叩厥澄锊粔蛄?，所以才去低地。?duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)。很多同學(xué)會(huì)錯(cuò)選C，這部分同學(xué)應(yīng)該是定位到了最后一句話：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.說即使有雪覆蓋地面，高的understory會(huì)暴露(understory指的是林下植被)，而且還說風(fēng)會(huì)leafy branches吹下來。C雖然提到了understory，但是easier說法和原文不符，原文說的是高的understroy在會(huì)曝露出來，有一定局限性，也沒體現(xiàn)出比起以前更簡(jiǎn)單。A在原文物體及;D說冬天遷徙與上文的late fall沖突，也錯(cuò)。

Question 3 of 14

正確答案：C

題目解析：inhibit: 阻止，阻攔。A是組成;B是結(jié)合;C是限制，約束;D是建立。根據(jù)詞意，C正確。對(duì)應(yīng)原文：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.后半句說鹿吃別的東西去了，說明沒有這種草，也就是這種草沒長(zhǎng)起來，之前說森林怎么樣了這種草的生長(zhǎng)，當(dāng)然是阻止，A組成B結(jié)合意思差不多，都不對(duì)。D建立完全不靠譜。

Question 4 of 14

正確答案：D

題目解析：in the same breath從表面意思上說就是在同一個(gè)呼吸的時(shí)候，其實(shí)能夠猜出文中的意思應(yīng)該是同時(shí)或者立刻之意，所以D的immediately對(duì)。A是沒有耐心的;B是幽默的;C是連續(xù)不斷地;D是立即地。對(duì)應(yīng)原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.帶回原文，說那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么樣他們又因?yàn)闆]有鹿而難過，A沒耐心B不幽默都不靠譜，C持續(xù)不能表達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)人們失望的心情，而且原文也沒有信息說持續(xù)難過，不對(duì)。

Question 5 of 14

正確答案：A

題目解析：功能目的題，往前看，這兩個(gè)人明顯是早期探險(xiǎn)家的一個(gè)例子，讀前句說他們知道原本有很多鹿的但又沒找到，很顯然這句話不足以作為一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，往前看本段中心句： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. 本段中心句說鹿的數(shù)量變化很大，對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)的varied，所以A正確。BCD都沒有提及。

Question 6 of 14

正確答案：C

題目解析：以人名和時(shí)間做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句：A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops." 說那些鹿gone了，還有被hunt了，所以應(yīng)該是沒有鹿了，B說反，C對(duì);作者只是說把鹿打死為了保護(hù)農(nóng)作物，沒說農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量上升，D不對(duì);A沒說。

Question 7 of 14

正確答案：A

題目解析：功能目的題，往前看，前句說the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的數(shù)量進(jìn)一步下降，然后才讓讀者recall哥倫比亞白尾鹿的例子，也就是說白尾鹿就是人類破壞生存環(huán)境導(dǎo)致鹿群數(shù)量下降的一個(gè)證明，所以答案A正確。

Question 8 of 14

正確答案：A

題目解析：A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 沒有限制的時(shí)間段。B沒有如期開始，C非常短，D不重要都和不定沒關(guān)系，不靠譜，A答案說這段時(shí)間的末端還沒定下來，含有不定的意思，正確。

Question 9 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：B 問整個(gè)第四段，看首句，而且首句說reduction in numbers，與問題中的deer population重合，說鹿數(shù)量的下降預(yù)示它們的生存變得艱難，但看選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有與之重合的選項(xiàng)，于是可以繼續(xù)往下看，下面就說到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同時(shí)也有的鹿群繁盛了，眾多答案中只有B說到鹿的數(shù)量增加，所以答案是B。當(dāng)然也可以排除法，A選項(xiàng)關(guān)于1940s原文說early 1940s，跟答案說的1940s不一樣，錯(cuò);C說黑尾鹿沒有了，剛好和原文黑尾鹿數(shù)量增加相反，錯(cuò);原文沒有冬夏對(duì)比，D錯(cuò)。

Question 10 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：B rebound: 反彈。A是下降;B是恢復(fù);C是交換;D是移動(dòng)。根據(jù)詞意，正確答案就是B。

Question 11 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：B : in addition那部分和后面like舉的那兩個(gè)例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主干部分縮略一下，去掉一些修飾成分后就變成：AE發(fā)現(xiàn)了browse in open areas更加有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。longtime那里是對(duì)這個(gè)人的一個(gè)修飾(同位語成分)。B選項(xiàng)將主要內(nèi)容復(fù)述了出來。A錯(cuò)在隨意篡改語句的注意，原句根本沒提到這個(gè)人的family;C錯(cuò)在biologist like E，這改變了原文的主語，而且it is important原句沒有說;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改寫之后句子的主干，結(jié)構(gòu)改變，而且遺漏了主干內(nèi)容，錯(cuò)。

Question 12 of 14

正確答案：D

題目解析：D，排除法，原文第一句就說這段主要就在說鹿群數(shù)量增加的原因，然后分別用first，second和but the most表明了三個(gè)原因，分別對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A/B/C選項(xiàng)，所以D是沒說的，選D。

Question 13 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：B 有三個(gè)點(diǎn)，一是副詞there指一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，所以在正確插入點(diǎn)之前必須存在一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，按這個(gè)來看，只有B和D有可能;第二和第三個(gè)點(diǎn)是待插入句當(dāng)中的兩個(gè)名詞food和winter，按照上下句有名詞重疊的原則，B對(duì)D錯(cuò)。

Question 14 of 14

正確答案：BCE

題目解析：The balance選項(xiàng)前半句是對(duì)的，但后半句與第一段的最后兩句說反，應(yīng)該是黑多，錯(cuò) Deer populations選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正確。in the long term選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正確。because選項(xiàng)太細(xì)節(jié)，不選。although選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段首句和第五句，正確。wildlife選項(xiàng)原文沒有提及，錯(cuò)。

托福閱讀通讀有用么

在《孫子兵法》上有一句話總是被世人朗朗上口的傳頌著：知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。那么就我們學(xué)術(shù)來講就是要在任何問題上抱著知其然，知其所以然的態(tài)度。所以，首先，我們要明白出題人(ETS)的出題意圖。

一、考試界面的設(shè)置。

參加過考試的或是用?？架浖鲞^練習(xí)的“托兒”們都清晰的記得：當(dāng)一篇托福閱讀文章問題出現(xiàn)的之前，一定是先以整篇文章的形式出現(xiàn)的，左邊并沒有顯示題目，只有將文章右邊的滾動(dòng)軸拉至最低端，界面才會(huì)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為我們做題的界面，即左邊是問題，右邊是對(duì)應(yīng)的文章。那么，我們就分析一下為什么ETS有這樣的設(shè)置?ETS有什么樣的意圖?ETS想讓考生怎么做?這樣的設(shè)置顯而易見ETS是希望考生們可以在做題前將文章大致整體看一遍。就ETS出題的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和科學(xué)性而言，這樣的設(shè)置毋庸置疑是幫助考生提高其做題的速度和正確率的。

我們已經(jīng)分析完出題人的意圖，那么接下來就是要解答界面設(shè)置導(dǎo)致的整體閱讀有哪些好處，如何幫助考生們答題，如何提高做題速度和正確率的。

二、整體閱讀對(duì)summary questions的幫助

對(duì)于閱讀速度不高，英語水平中等或中等以下的“托兒”們普遍反映的一個(gè)問題就是：沒有時(shí)間做最后的summary questions，或是做summary questions的時(shí)候不知道到哪里找答案或是正確率低。

我們先來分析一下summary questions，大家都知道這個(gè)題型出現(xiàn)在閱讀文章的最后一道題，而且是對(duì)全文觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié)。那么，既然是對(duì)于全篇文章觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié)，那么它考察的內(nèi)容是文章的分論點(diǎn)，即一段或是幾段的主要內(nèi)容。如果是時(shí)間不夠，考生要直接選，很容易選錯(cuò)，為什么?因?yàn)榍懊娴?2道題考察的基本上是文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。我們都知道細(xì)節(jié)信息是summary questions的禁忌;所以，憑做題印象直接解題，那么就受前面解題思路的影響，很容易被誤導(dǎo)。但如果這時(shí)你在做題之前對(duì)整篇文章有了一個(gè)整體的閱讀，并在演草紙上做了大致的筆記，那么summary questions就可以輕而易舉的攻破。

為什么?怎么做?

首先，整體閱讀不是逐字逐句，是scan文章，了解文章框架。

其次，在演草紙上簡(jiǎn)單快速的寫下文章的主論點(diǎn)，若干個(gè)分論點(diǎn)(一段或是幾段的主要內(nèi)容)，即大綱。(沒必要是完整的句子，可以參照聽力記筆記的方法，符合，中英文結(jié)合的方法。)

這樣，整體閱讀的步驟結(jié)束后，在演草紙上就能出來一片文章的框架，并且這個(gè)框架大綱可以在最短時(shí)間能基本解決summary questions中80%。而且可以幫助考生輕松排除summary questions中的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

綜上所述，做題前的整體閱讀是極其必要的。并希望這篇文章對(duì)大家解決托福閱讀問題上有所幫助。

官方真題Official4托福閱讀Passage1原文文本+題目+答案解析(原TPO)相關(guān)文章：