托福獨(dú)立寫作寫幾段怎么寫
有些人不知道托福獨(dú)立寫作要怎么寫,寫幾段?下面小編就解答這個(gè)問題。
新托福獨(dú)立寫作黃金結(jié)構(gòu):五段論
新托福的四個(gè)部分讀、聽、說、寫中,兩個(gè)輸入性的項(xiàng)目——閱讀和聽力是相對來說常出高分的部分,而口語和寫作因?yàn)槭禽斎胄缘捻?xiàng)目,所以在以往的得分上往往相對較低。但是,在這兩部分中,中國學(xué)生比較好拿高分的則是寫作。因?yàn)閷懽髦灰ㄟ^符合相應(yīng)的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并通過自己的練習(xí),是能夠找到有適合考試的套路,從而獲得高分的。尤其是獨(dú)立寫作,仔細(xì)來做剖析和應(yīng)對的話,會發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)要在這一部分寫出高分作文來并不難。
對于寫作來說,結(jié)構(gòu)是影響整篇文章得分非常重要的一個(gè)因素,甚至可以說是一篇作文的門面。因?yàn)橥懈5母木砜脊偻谂囊黄魑纳现粫?-3分鐘,如何在這短短幾分鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)給人留下深刻印象,文章結(jié)構(gòu)是第一關(guān)鍵。應(yīng)對國外考試作文,尤其是托福的寫作,最簡單,看似最cliché,但同時(shí)也是最經(jīng)典的,就是“五段論”的結(jié)構(gòu)。簡而話之,就是“總分總”的結(jié)構(gòu)。因?yàn)槠涞挠杏茫猿S?,所以?jīng)典。而具體經(jīng)典在何處并如何使用,是下文要仔細(xì)講解的。
英文的考場的作文,尤為講究開門見山的方式,如果不在第一段就亮出自己的立場,而在開頭云里霧里虛無縹緲,這是在給改卷考官制造理解文章的障礙,極不可取。因此,首先,在開頭的最后一句話結(jié)束前一定要有表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)的句子出現(xiàn)。并且,開頭的前一兩句可以準(zhǔn)備自己常用的模板句。最好是自己總結(jié)的,可以參照不同的來源的模板,但一定要自己改編、結(jié)合,從而有自己的一個(gè)套路。這樣可以防止被判雷同,否則背得再漂亮的句子也白搭。盡量讓每次練習(xí)文章時(shí)把題目往上套,讓開頭華麗些,起到吸引人往下讀的效果。同時(shí)也要保證開頭沒有任何的語法錯(cuò)誤,至少在自己看來是沒有一點(diǎn)瑕疵的。因此對于開頭的檢查次數(shù)至少是全文的+1遍,保證這個(gè)門面沒有問題。這對于后面的具體展開是個(gè)很好的鋪墊,并且會讓考官的印象分很高。
在正文的部分,三段是要保證的。也就是三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)。這里注意一個(gè)原則:可以“一點(diǎn)多段”,但不可“一段多點(diǎn)”。也就是在一個(gè)論點(diǎn)寫完前不要引入新的論點(diǎn)。如果結(jié)束了就換段,保證一段的中心只有一個(gè)。如果對于一個(gè)點(diǎn)的論述很長,可以分成兩段。另外,為什么要有三個(gè)論點(diǎn)?這是從文章的充實(shí)度來考慮的。托福寫作可以完全不用例子,而采用全篇的議論。所以如果有三個(gè)論點(diǎn)會讓文章看起來很平衡,能撐住整篇文章。兩個(gè)太少,需要用足夠的論述或是加例子才能使文章字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到350以上;而四個(gè)論點(diǎn)又太多,沒有足夠的時(shí)間來充實(shí)每一點(diǎn)的話,只會一筆帶過第四個(gè)點(diǎn),從而會因?yàn)椤罢擖c(diǎn)發(fā)展不完全”而成為扣分點(diǎn)。這對文章來說,是致命的地雷。所以三個(gè)點(diǎn)很是必需。
其實(shí)有心人會發(fā)現(xiàn),托福出題者本身也對三論點(diǎn)形式有所傾向。在寫作的另一個(gè)部分——綜合寫作中,不論是其中的閱讀還是聽力,也必定提供三個(gè)理由,也就是三論點(diǎn)架構(gòu)。由此可見,獨(dú)立寫作中套用三論點(diǎn)架構(gòu)必是安全可取,甚至討巧的結(jié)構(gòu)。同時(shí),在這三段的開頭一定要有明顯的連接詞,如“first of all, in addition, moreover”等詞來引出每一段,提示會有新的論點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)。這樣的套語或是套句也都可以事先準(zhǔn)備,每次套用。
最后是起總結(jié)作用的結(jié)尾。到了這個(gè)部分,很多考生往往時(shí)間相對來說緊張,所以也要求在平時(shí)練習(xí)的時(shí)候結(jié)尾的套句一定要準(zhǔn)備,并且不難準(zhǔn)備。只要再次點(diǎn)到全文的大觀點(diǎn)就行,當(dāng)然決不能照抄開頭表達(dá)立場的那一句,完全重復(fù)一定扣分,又是地雷一枚。應(yīng)該以不同的方式講同一個(gè)話題,這也是我們常說的貫徹托??荚囀冀K的同義替換問題。
因此,如此下來,五段論的結(jié)構(gòu)不難做到,并且各段作用明顯的話對整篇文章來說本身就是一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)。改卷考官一般看到如此清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)印象分就高了,如果論點(diǎn)不離題,語言不犯太大錯(cuò)誤,20+的分?jǐn)?shù)一定有;而如果語言句式再出彩一些的話,25+不成問題。曾經(jīng)有我的學(xué)生照此結(jié)構(gòu)練習(xí),并且每篇都套上幾乎一樣的開頭結(jié)尾連接詞,最后寫作部分拿到了29分,雖然其他部分分?jǐn)?shù)并不太高。并且筆者也曾在新托福考試中就用此結(jié)構(gòu)拿到29分,再次實(shí)地驗(yàn)證其得分效率。由此可見,寫作部分要想有成績的飛躍,其實(shí)要求并不高,而投入產(chǎn)出率一定高。只要花一定的時(shí)間做針對性的練習(xí),就一定會有提高。
所以陳詞未必?zé)o用,經(jīng)典有經(jīng)典的價(jià)值,“五段論”作為托福獨(dú)立寫作的黃金結(jié)構(gòu),必能助考生取得高分。
實(shí)例講解托福獨(dú)立寫作首段思路和段落結(jié)構(gòu)
好的開始是成功的一半!在托??荚囍校芏鄬W(xué)生面對三、四百字的獨(dú)立寫作要求,有了思路,卻遲遲不知如何動“筆”,30分鐘的時(shí)間一分一秒流逝,文章質(zhì)量也會隨著心理狀態(tài)的不同而受影響,從而影響最終的托福成績。
為了使學(xué)生在有限的時(shí)間以最佳的狀態(tài)一氣呵成,臨場發(fā)揮是不可取的,通過無數(shù)考生的親身驗(yàn)證,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)即使考生英語水平非常好,寫作不做任何準(zhǔn)備去應(yīng)考也是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的。因此,考生務(wù)必在考試之前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備工作。
既然要準(zhǔn)備充足,方方面面的工作都要細(xì)究,今天要細(xì)究的內(nèi)容是開頭部分,我們將通過一條實(shí)例給大家講一下首段的寫作思路和段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的備考,很多同學(xué)對于獨(dú)立寫作題目涉及的話題應(yīng)該是比較熟悉了,在進(jìn)行首段結(jié)構(gòu)講解之前,希望大家思考這樣一個(gè)問題:獨(dú)立寫作中所涉及的這些話題,為什么會被ETS考官選中,放在一個(gè)全球性的語言考試中呢?大家可以再回顧一下獨(dú)立寫作的一些題目,他們其實(shí)都有一個(gè)共同的性質(zhì),那就是它所涉及的話題和內(nèi)容,都是大家熟知的,并且會引起人們的討論的話題,也就是考生們“普遍知曉”,并能“引起討論”。因此我們得出托福獨(dú)立寫作題目的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):一是具有“普遍性”,二是具有“可討論性”。
所謂“普遍性”,就是題目涉及的內(nèi)容大家都熟知,例如,曾經(jīng)有這樣一個(gè)題目:A/D:The telephone has greater effects on people than television.題目當(dāng)中的television 和telephone都是大家熟知的事物,起碼對于所有托??忌鷣碚f,大家都肯定是再熟悉不過的東西了,所以這樣的事物出現(xiàn)在題目中,是具有公平性的;
所謂“可討論性”,就是指題目所涉及的話題有可討論的價(jià)值,如同辯論賽的論題一樣,它是可以讓正反雙方展開討論的,他的觀點(diǎn)是辯證的。
根據(jù)這兩個(gè)特點(diǎn),我們總結(jié)了一種開頭段的結(jié)構(gòu),這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有三部分組成:第一部分——體現(xiàn)普遍性;第二部分——體現(xiàn)可討論性;第三部分——得出立場或者文章打算;這里的第三部分根據(jù)大家文章行文思路的不同而進(jìn)行不同的段落收尾就可以了,下面我們根據(jù)這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)理論來進(jìn)行一個(gè)題目的講解:
2012.08.25=2009.10.07NA
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To achieve successful development of a country,a government should spend more money on young children’s education(5-10) rather than on universities.
同意/不同意:為了一個(gè)國家的發(fā)展,政府應(yīng)當(dāng)花更多的錢在兒童教育上,而不是大學(xué)教育上。
這是一個(gè)教育類的話題,同時(shí)涉及到政府撥款的問題,涵蓋兩個(gè)方面的比較,一個(gè)是投資兒童教育,一個(gè)是投資大學(xué)教育。大家試著將這兩個(gè)方面總結(jié)成一個(gè)事件
——the issue of how to invest in education
或者——the issue of educational investment
做完這項(xiàng)工作之后就可以按照三部分的結(jié)構(gòu)寫出開頭段了。
首先要寫的是普遍性:
As is often the case, the issue of educational investment is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.
此句中開頭是以as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,as指代的是逗號后面句子中的全部內(nèi)容,這件事是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情形。此句體現(xiàn)了問題的普遍性。然后就要體現(xiàn)可討論性了,如何來體現(xiàn)呢,首先,出現(xiàn)可討論性的前提,就是因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)了差異,我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)倪^度交代一下原因,可如下敘述:
People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives.
這句話的意思是,因?yàn)槿藗儌€(gè)性和背景方面各不相同,所以人們往往從不同的角度看待同一個(gè)問題。過度之后,進(jìn)行“可討論性“的寫作:
Some people maintain that investing in primary education is a wise/an optimum option, while others hold that investing in tertiary-level education is sensible/sagacious.
將兩部分人的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論述,目的在于通過可討論性的體現(xiàn),將題目轉(zhuǎn)化成雙方面的觀點(diǎn)。之后要做的工作就是段落收尾了,收尾之前也需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)匿亯|In taking various factors into consideration, 其中take…into consideration代表“考慮”之意,相當(dāng)于consider something,之后,根據(jù)行文方式的不同選擇不同的收尾方式,下面給大家兩中選擇:
——I reckon that elementary education and high-level education are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in the process of one’s growth.
這種收尾方式偏向中庸之道,后面的行文也多傾向于分情況討論的思路;
——I reckon that it is the latter/former claim that makes more sense/ bears more rationality.
這種收尾方式思路方向比較確定,一般選擇立論文的考生會選擇。
綜上我們將這篇文章整合匯總?cè)缦拢?/p>
In recent years /As is often the case, the issue of educational investment is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion. People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives. Some people maintain that investing in primary education is an optimum option, while others hold that investing in tertiary-level education is sensible. In taking various factors into consideration, I reckon that elementary education and high-level education are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in the process of one’s growth.
(I reckon that it is the latter/former claim that makes more sense / bears more rationality.)
大家可以看到,在文中多次出現(xiàn)初級教育和高等教育的詞組,但上文卻采取了不同的表達(dá)方式,primary education對應(yīng)于elementary education,tertiary-leveleducation相對應(yīng)于high-level education。因此,向大家強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)是,如果在一個(gè)段落,或者一篇文章中,我們不可避免的會遇到重復(fù)意思的表達(dá),這時(shí)候,希望大家多多積累同近義詞的短語和詞組,用于文章當(dāng)中將會顯得語言更加豐富。
許多考生在學(xué)習(xí)之初可以適當(dāng)?shù)谋痴b段落和詞句,因?yàn)樘岣邔懽髯龊玫?a href='http://m.rzpgrj.com/way/' target='_blank'>方法就是臨摹和套用,大家可以將上述段落中的下劃線部分看做模板句式,非下劃線部分可以根據(jù)題目來進(jìn)行填充。下面我們利用上述模板,來練習(xí)另一道題目:
In your opinion, which one is better, to spend money on something that lasts for a long time, such as valuable jewelry, or spend your money on short term pleasure such as vacation?
花錢買貴重物品還是去短期度假
首段:
As is often the case, the issue of money spending is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion. People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives. Some people maintain that spending on jewelry is a wise/ an optimum option, while others hold that spending on vacation is sensible/ sagacious. In taking various factors into consideration,I reckon that material life and spiritual enjoyment are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in daily life.
由此,這篇文章的首段就完成了,在寫作之初,建議大家多多學(xué)習(xí)范文或模板的寫作,但不容忽視的是,模板性越強(qiáng)的段落應(yīng)用性和靈活性越差,所以,在托福備考進(jìn)行到一定程度時(shí),希望大家更多地組建自己最順手的模板段落或句型,并且多加練習(xí),只有這樣,在面臨寫作題目的時(shí)候,才能“臨危不懼”地一氣呵成。
5句話hold住托福獨(dú)立寫作“開頭段”
第一種:開門見山式 【概括背景 + 引出話題 + 一類人觀點(diǎn) + 另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比 + 個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)】
1、概括背景:以概括題目的方式給出文章的寫作背景
2、引出話題:以承上啟下的方式引出題目關(guān)鍵詞
3、一類人觀點(diǎn):針對題目的兩個(gè)面(比如說:立場A和立場B),先給出一類人的觀點(diǎn)(比如說:立場A)
4、另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比:站在一類人的對立面給出相對立的觀點(diǎn)(立場B)
5、個(gè)人觀點(diǎn):在相對立的兩個(gè)立場中選擇一個(gè)作為自己的觀點(diǎn)(立場A / 立場B)
以下是從獨(dú)立寫作真題出發(fā),向大家展示如打造開門見山式“開頭段”:
?、?(A/D) The main role of the university professor is to educate students rather than to do research.
(概括背景)A defining character of people is the degree to which they believe that higher education plays a crucial role in a country’s development. (引出話題)One indisputable fact is that university education is closely associated with professors. (一類人觀點(diǎn))Some people, especially parents, believe that professors should focus on educating students. (另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比)However, others, professors themselves in particular, argue that they ought to pay more attention to their researches. (個(gè)人觀點(diǎn))From my perspective, the major obligation of university professors is to teach.
?、?(A/D) The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.
(概括背景)A defining character of people is the degree to which they are always willing to refer to others’ advice and fit in. (引出話題)One indisputable fact is that valuable advice is closely associated with experienced people like parents and grandparents. (一類人觀點(diǎn))Some people, especially the old, believe that it’s beneficial to turn to grandparents.(另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比)However, others, the young in particular, argue that due to the great development of the world, their grandparents’ suggestions are not useful any more. (個(gè)人觀點(diǎn))From my perspective, asking for help from one’s grandparents can be a really wise choice.
此處總結(jié)為開門見山式“開頭段”模板:
A defining character of people is the degree to which + 概括題目. One indisputable fact is that + 題目概括詞 + is closely associated with 題目關(guān)鍵詞. Some people, especially 具體的人, believe that + 一類人觀點(diǎn). However, others, 具體的人 in particular, argue that + 另一方觀點(diǎn). From my perspective, + 個(gè)人觀點(diǎn).
(NOTE:“the degree to which”在此處的功能相當(dāng)于“that”,且其后所接句子的主語必須和前面的“people”一致)
第二種:娓娓道來式 【概括背景 + 引出話題 + 一類人觀點(diǎn) + 另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比 + 爭議句】
1、概括背景:以概括題目的方式提出文章的寫作背景
2、引出話題:以承上啟下的方式引出題目關(guān)鍵詞
3、一類人觀點(diǎn):針對題目的兩個(gè)面(比如說:立場A和立場B),先給出一類人的觀點(diǎn)(比如說:立場A)
4、另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比:站在一類人的對立面給出相對立的觀點(diǎn)(立場B)
5、爭議句:給出一個(gè)爭議的句子,不直接表明個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),將之留在“論證段”或“結(jié)尾段”進(jìn)行闡述或總結(jié)
以下同樣從獨(dú)立寫作真題出發(fā),打造娓娓道來式“開頭段”:
① (A/D) Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on young people’s behaviors.
(概括背景)A defining character of people is the degree to which they are always willing to pursue happiness. (引出話題)One indisputable fact is that one’s happiness is closely associated with daily entertainment, which can be easily offered by some technological products like movies and televisions.(一類人觀點(diǎn))Some people, especially the young, believe that movies and TV play a crucial role in helping them release stress.(另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比)However, others, the parents in particular, argue that some films and TV programs have caused great negative effects on their children. (爭議句)Therefore, when it comes to whether movies and televisions bring more positive or negative effects, people’s notions vary from one to another.
?、?(A/D) The main purpose for people who have jobs is for money rather than social status.
(概括背景)A defining character of people is the degree to which they are always willing to pursue a better life.(引出話題)One indisputable fact is that a quality live is closely associated with having a job.(一類人觀點(diǎn))Some people, especially the young, believe that their intention of working is to make enough money.(另一類人觀點(diǎn)對比)However, others, old people in particular, argue that they work mainly for a high social position.(爭議句)Therefore, when it comes to whether the major aim of working is for money or social position, people’s notions vary from one to another.
此處總結(jié)為娓娓道來式“開頭段”模板:
A defining character of people is the degree to which + 概括題目. One indisputable fact is that + 題目概括詞 + is closely associated with 題目關(guān)鍵詞. Some people, especially 具體的人, believe that + 一類人觀點(diǎn). However, others, 具體的人 in particular, argue that + 另一方觀點(diǎn). Therefore, when it comes to whether 轉(zhuǎn)述題目, people’s notions vary from one to another.
(NOTE:“the degree to which”在此處的功能相當(dāng)于“that”,且其后所接句子的主語必須和前面的“people”一致)
6要點(diǎn)問答托福獨(dú)立寫作高分中間段
1. Q:一定需要三大段論點(diǎn)理由展開來證明開頭觀點(diǎn)嗎?
A:No. 中間段可以有一個(gè)論點(diǎn)展開,也可以拿到滿分。 同學(xué)們可以參看ETS的第三版 p202頁的官方范文5分和4分賞析。
2. Q: 獨(dú)立寫作中間段的結(jié)構(gòu)是什么?
A: 論點(diǎn)Main point Sentence+論據(jù)Details. 盡量不要突兀地寫for example, 需要指明例子之前的論點(diǎn)句。
3. Q: 怎么展開一個(gè)中間段落才能做到評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)5分要求呢?
A: 其實(shí)有很多方法將論點(diǎn)展開Details, 比如: 我強(qiáng)化班會重點(diǎn)介紹的幾種: Specific personal example 少而精; General example 多而簡; compare& contrast對比反差; Study &Survey 調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù); Famous people權(quán)威名人; Quotation名言諺語; 等。
4. Q: 以上是不是每種方法都要在獨(dú)立寫作中間段用上?
A: 這幾種方法都是平行關(guān)系, 可以挑選一種方法即可展開一個(gè)論點(diǎn)句。 當(dāng)然, 也可以挑選其中兩三種方法使得一個(gè)段落展開地非常細(xì)致。
5. Q: 獨(dú)立寫作是不是中間段字?jǐn)?shù)越多越好?
A: 展開的Details的語言部分非常重要, 比如由電腦自動評分E-rater主要評判Grammar, Usage, Style, lexical complexity等方面。
6. Q: 獨(dú)立寫作的中間段是不是一定需要所謂的 “辨證式/反證式/讓步式” 寫法?
A: 有這種辯證式思路文章會寫得更全面, 但是這不是必要的。 因?yàn)镋TS的官方指南和評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)告訴大家: 托福寫作考的并不是該同學(xué)對一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)分析有多么深刻, 主要是語言的表達(dá)和內(nèi)容的清晰。
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