托福寫作字?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)到底有怎樣的關(guān)系
托福寫作詞數(shù)寫的越多，得分就會越高?這話對不對呢?為什么很多托福考生在考場上洋洋灑灑寫了五六百詞，寫作分?jǐn)?shù)卻并不高?托福寫作字?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)之間到底存在著一種什么樣的關(guān)系呢?來看看下文吧!
托福寫作字?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)到底有怎樣的關(guān)系
首先，我們先來看看托福寫作“the longer, the better”這種說法的合理之處。
托?？荚嚨膶懽鞑糠质怯蒆uman rater(真人評分)和E-rater共同評分，最終取加權(quán)平均值。Human rater非?？粗?a href='http://m.rzpgrj.com/yu/wenzhang/' target='_blank'>文章內(nèi)容的充實(shí)，也就是考生是否能夠在相應(yīng)的段落中給出合理且清晰的理由、例證和細(xì)節(jié)把問題表述清楚。這樣一來，如果中間發(fā)展段只有寥寥幾筆，考生肯定不能把問題講清楚，從而在Development這個(gè)維度上就達(dá)不到考試的要求。而E-rater雖然讀不懂考生文章的內(nèi)容，卻能夠通過the length of discourse elements(話語元素長度)這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對于考生的中間發(fā)展段進(jìn)行評估。The length of discourse elements(話語元素長度)主要評估考生文章的兩個(gè)方面：
平均句長
也就是文章的平均每個(gè)句子包含的單詞數(shù)量。如果一個(gè)考生內(nèi)容沒有進(jìn)行有效發(fā)展，也就是說該考生沒有什么內(nèi)容可寫，E-rater就會默認(rèn)考生的句子一定寫不長;反過來，如果一個(gè)考生內(nèi)容發(fā)展充實(shí)，那么該考生的句子一定有豐富的內(nèi)容表述，此時(shí)寫出來的句子一定不會很短。
中間發(fā)展段句子數(shù)量
也就是每個(gè)理由段考生寫了多少個(gè)句子進(jìn)行支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)。如果考生內(nèi)容沒有發(fā)展，中間理由段也就沒什么話說，這時(shí)候中間段就不會有太多的句子進(jìn)行支撐;反過來，如果一個(gè)考生內(nèi)容發(fā)展充實(shí)，那么該考生中間段一定有多個(gè)句子從不同細(xì)節(jié)角度進(jìn)行支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)。
其實(shí)托?？荚囋u分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中并沒有把詞數(shù)達(dá)標(biāo)作為一個(gè)衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是建議考生寫作詞數(shù)不少于300詞，因?yàn)橐话銇碚f，少于300詞的托福獨(dú)立寫作文章內(nèi)容發(fā)展不會那么充實(shí)，也就是說詞數(shù)不夠直接影響到了評分維度中的Development一項(xiàng)。
但是，是不是一個(gè)考生詞數(shù)寫的多就能夠證明文章發(fā)展充實(shí)從而得到高分呢?
我們來看一組ETS研究論文中的數(shù)據(jù)。下圖為了研究方便，ETS的工作人員使用了傳統(tǒng)寫作的6分制評分重新設(shè)定了托福的分?jǐn)?shù)(也就是6分為滿分)：
在上圖中，我們可以看到，滿分(6分)的文章大都是詞數(shù)為400詞左右的文章，且當(dāng)文章的詞數(shù)達(dá)到了一定范圍(400詞以上)，寫作分?jǐn)?shù)上沒有了明顯的變化。
在上圖中可以看到，獨(dú)立寫作抽樣了476篇文章，其中最高分的文章有102篇，寫的最多的詞數(shù)為586詞，寫的最少的詞數(shù)竟然只有261詞(這就是為什么上文中提到獨(dú)立寫作的建議詞數(shù)是300詞，而不是硬性要求詞數(shù)，當(dāng)然，對于大多數(shù)考生來說，由于缺乏嫻熟的語言駕馭能力，很難用這么少的詞數(shù)把內(nèi)容表述清楚)，其平均詞數(shù)只有385.3個(gè)詞;同時(shí)，在低分檔(2分)的文章中最多詞數(shù)有507個(gè)詞的，這時(shí)候你還會覺得詞數(shù)越多得分越高嗎?
拋開數(shù)據(jù)不看，我們也能夠理解，一篇文章好壞除了內(nèi)容是否寫得充實(shí)外，還需要考慮內(nèi)容的相關(guān)度、語言的質(zhì)量以及語句之間的邏輯銜接等。很多同學(xué)為了湊詞數(shù)而大量背誦沒有意義的模板句，與主題關(guān)聯(lián)性不是很大的例子，這樣不僅不會得到高分，反而會在考試中丟分。
在托福的獨(dú)立寫作中，除了文章結(jié)構(gòu)組織(這一點(diǎn)大多數(shù)考生只要接受過正規(guī)的培訓(xùn)基本都沒什么問題)和語言的正確使用(這一點(diǎn)需要考生課下的積累)之外，文章的發(fā)展，也就是具體的內(nèi)容，往往決定著考生的分?jǐn)?shù)。一般來說，內(nèi)容充實(shí)的文章往往能夠得到高分，同時(shí)，內(nèi)容充實(shí)的文章詞數(shù)一般也不會太少。如果只關(guān)注詞數(shù)本身而忽略了文章內(nèi)容，就會造成“詞數(shù)多，分?jǐn)?shù)高”的假象。
再通俗一點(diǎn)說，飯店里菜的分量多一般用大盤子裝，而大盤子端上來的菜分量不一定多。
如何快速提升托福綜合寫作?概括和轉(zhuǎn)述是兩大核心
對托福綜合寫作閱讀內(nèi)容的總結(jié)和闡釋不能照抄閱讀文章原文，概括能力和 轉(zhuǎn)述能力成為了綜合寫作的兩大核心能力。新東方在線托福網(wǎng)為大家?guī)硗懈＞C合寫作的兩大核心能力，希望對大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關(guān)注新東方在線托福網(wǎng)!
在綜合寫作中，對綜合寫作閱讀內(nèi)容的總結(jié)和闡釋不能照抄閱讀文章原文，因此 概括能力(summarization skills)和 轉(zhuǎn)述能力(paraphrasing skills)成為了綜合寫作的兩大核心能力。
所謂概括能力，是指將段落中的論據(jù)或細(xì)節(jié)通過遞進(jìn)、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系進(jìn)行組織。
我們來看下列的段落：
The online questionnaire is able to feature many online options to help a respondent complete the survey that normally he or she might not be able to receive. For example, there could be a glossary to explain an unknown word. Also, the questionnaire submission is much easier, done at the click of a button instead of wasting time and effort via mailing the forms.
這個(gè)段落的分論點(diǎn)是many online options(在線選項(xiàng))可以幫助很多問卷調(diào)查者(respondents)更好地完成問卷。通過論據(jù)和細(xì)節(jié)的展開，我們知道這些 online options 既包括 glossary 對不熟悉的單詞進(jìn)行解釋，又包括easy submission.
所以用一句話來概括這段話，應(yīng)該為：
There are more online features that are helpful for questionnaire respondents, such as glossaries to explain unfamiliar words and easy submissions at the click of a button.
再如：Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products, and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.
這個(gè)段落的分論點(diǎn)是 genetically modified trees(轉(zhuǎn)基因樹木)帶來許多經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。通過論據(jù)和細(xì)節(jié)的展開，我們知道這是因?yàn)?genetically modified trees 生長的更快、產(chǎn)量更大、更為耐寒;而這些特質(zhì)使得樹農(nóng)投資回報(bào)更快、更多，并且節(jié)約了殺蟲劑的開支。
用一句話來概括這段話，應(yīng)該為：
Genetically modified trees bring tree farmers many economic benefits, including favorable returns on their investment and savings on pesticides.
所謂 轉(zhuǎn)述能力，是指需要通過明顯地改變原句表達(dá)方式或者濃縮、提煉核心意思去改寫原文。
Youngsters who watched educational children’s television for several hours a week had higher scores on academic tests three years later.
尋找youngsters, educational children’s television, several, higher scores等單詞或短語的同義詞，原句轉(zhuǎn)述為：
Young children who watched a few hours of educational programs a week had better test scores three years later.
>>> 方法二：詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法
Telecommuting can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.
轉(zhuǎn)化為benefit(動(dòng)詞)：
Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.
轉(zhuǎn)化為beneficial(形容詞)：
Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.
beneficiaries(名詞，表示人)：
Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries of telecommuting.
>>> 方法三：主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法
For the price of one regular paperback novel, several book files could be purchased.
將原句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(could be purchased)轉(zhuǎn)化為主動(dòng)語態(tài)(people could purchase)：
For the same price as one paperback novel, people could purchase several book files.
>>> 方法四：句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法
句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法是最為常用的方法——通過將句子間結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，進(jìn)而對原有的句子進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述。句子間結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，即包括簡單句、并列句和從句間的轉(zhuǎn)換，也包括不同從句(包括賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等)之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，以及不同句型結(jié)構(gòu)的使用(包括形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、插入語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)等)。
(1)簡單句和從句子間的轉(zhuǎn)換
There has been an upsurge in the prevalence of electronic books due to rapid advancements in technology.(簡單句)
Because there have been rapid advancements in technology, the prevalence of electronic books has experienced an upsurge.(原因狀語從句)
(2)賓語從句和定語從句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
The study suggests that television may have a positive influence on children’s intellectual development. (賓語從句)
According to the study, television may positively influence the way that children’s intelligence develops. (定語從句)
(3)非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的使用
If students can receive instructions at home on the television, they can save time, money, and fuel on transportation.(條件狀語從句)
Receiving instructions from television at home, students can save time,money, and fuel on transportation. (非謂語結(jié)構(gòu))
The carbon dioxide leads to the worldwide greenhouse effect, which causes the sea level to rise and produces negative impacts on weather.(定語從句)
The carbon dioxide raises the sea level and negatively influences weather, leadingto the greenhouse effect worldwide.(非謂語結(jié)構(gòu))
在綜合寫作寫作過程中，句子轉(zhuǎn)述的四種方法很少“單獨(dú)使用”，而往往“組合使用”。
托福寫作范文：自己獨(dú)住還是和別人分享宿舍
托福寫作題目
You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. 在大學(xué)里，喜歡自己獨(dú)住還是和別人分享宿舍?
托福寫作范文
I’d rather have the university assign a roommate. As far as I’m concerned, having a roommate is part of the university experience. Students should meet new people and be open to new experiences. I think the university will choose an appropriate roommate for me.
Even though the university will choose, it’s not totally a random situation. We all filled out personality questionnaires. The school knows what we’re majoring in, what our interests are, and our study habits and our goals. Besides, if a mistake is made, I can change my room assignment next semester and find a new roommate or a new room.
If I did want to choose my own roommate, first I would have to pick some candidates from the list given to me by the university. Then I’d write to them and they’d write back. Through our letters, we’d find out if we have common ground and similar personalities, such as sports or movies. Through my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through so many candidates. Besides, the process of finding similar interests isn’t all that different from what the university does.
But I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. I’d rather be with someone who has different interests and likes to do different things, so my roommate could be different from me. This isn’t a problem, but I hope they can be understanding as to our differences. One of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. So, I’d rather have the university choose my roommate.
托福寫作滿分要素剖析
一. 語言表達(dá)
本文的觀點(diǎn)新穎，摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的對稱式辯論寫法，層層遞進(jìn)的解釋了自己的論據(jù)，闡述了自己的論點(diǎn)。除了文章首段的主旨段，之后的每一段都以一個(gè)讓步句作為首句，然后再從正反兩面論述自己的分論點(diǎn)。邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密謹(jǐn)慎。由此可知，大家在寫作文的時(shí)候不要怕自己的論點(diǎn)標(biāo)新立異與眾不同，只要能做到言之有理，論點(diǎn)充分，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，最終能夠自圓其說，一樣會得到考官的青睞。
1. As far as I’m concerned, having a roommate is part of the university experience. 此句中as far as I’m concerned, doing sth is part of the some experience 表示我認(rèn)為做什么事兒是什么經(jīng)歷的一種，類似句型有：In my perspective, it is part of the university for me to have a roommate.
2. Through my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through so many candidates. 這兩個(gè)句子看似各自獨(dú)立，卻是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系。是說雖然我能通過調(diào)查找到合適的室友，但我得為此花很大的精力。句中g(shù)et someone compatible with someone 的同義詞組為 be compatible with someone， 意為和某人相處融洽。
3. But I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. 此句中But + 句子，and still find that + 從句，也是經(jīng)典的轉(zhuǎn)折句式，表示雖然怎么樣，但是還是會怎么樣。體現(xiàn)了作者語言的豐富性和多樣性。
4. One of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. 此句中one of the reasons someone be doing sth is …是一種常用的句式，表示某人做某事的原因之一是…。除此之外be exposed to在這里表示面臨，接受。
二 邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)
本文是一個(gè)遞進(jìn)的結(jié)構(gòu)，開始說了作者即使學(xué)校給選擇室友，也不是完全隨機(jī)的，這是一個(gè)讓步段。后面作者說了學(xué)校選擇室友的機(jī)制其實(shí)和自己挑選是一樣的。并在最后一段進(jìn)行遞進(jìn)升華，即使作者沒有找到相同興趣的室友，反而更好，因?yàn)檫@樣作者可以體會到不一樣的人生觀和世界觀。
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托福寫作字?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)到底有怎樣的關(guān)系
