托福閱讀遇到一些長(zhǎng)句子是在所難免的，那么有什么好的方法可以幫助我們?nèi)ダ斫膺@種句子呢？下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)實(shí)例講解如何快速理解托福閱讀長(zhǎng)句子。

實(shí)例講解如何快速理解托福閱讀長(zhǎng)句子

我們大家都知道托福閱讀的時(shí)間是在60-80分鐘之內(nèi)完成3-4篇長(zhǎng)度分別在700字左右的文章，我們平均算下來(lái)每篇文章我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)練習(xí)的時(shí)候一定要保證在20分鐘之內(nèi)完成，所以在做托福閱讀時(shí)除了做題正確外，做題速度也是關(guān)鍵。那做題速度的快慢很大程度上就取決于我們讀句子的快慢上了。那如何能夠在盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)讀更多的句子呢?很多同學(xué)認(rèn)為是詞匯量的問題，認(rèn)為只要詞匯量上去了，自然句子讀的就快，但實(shí)際上在閱讀的過程中我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多同學(xué)在讀句子的時(shí)候，句子中的每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)，但是這些認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞在組成句子后反倒是不知道整句話的意思了。該如何解決這個(gè)問題呢?那今天我就給大家說(shuō)一種比較簡(jiǎn)單的方法，通過一些小詞來(lái)幫助大家在盡可能短的時(shí)間里讀懂句子。

這種方法我給它起了個(gè)名字叫做解釋說(shuō)明法?？催^《托福閱讀專項(xiàng)進(jìn)階初級(jí)》這本書的同學(xué)都會(huì)有印象，在這本教材的第一單元詞匯題部分，書中教給了我們一種如何認(rèn)識(shí)陌生單詞的方法—定義法，在書中還給我們舉了一些標(biāo)志詞，比如means, is called, is defines as，which is等，當(dāng)我們看到這些標(biāo)志詞的時(shí)候就可以推出我們不認(rèn)識(shí)的生詞了，比如書中給我們舉的例子：

Some wild animals hibernate, which is to sleep through winter. They enter their dens in late fall and do not come out until spring. Before hibernating, animals eat to gain fat. This fat sustains them through winter. When they come out in spring, the animals are very thin. They are also very hungry. Hibernation enables many wild animals to survive during the cold winter when there is no food to eat.

The word hibernate in the passage is closest in meaning to

A store

B sleep

C migrate

D awake

在這個(gè)題中我們通過畫線的句子which is to sleep through winter來(lái)推出前面所問的那個(gè)生詞hibernate的意思，既答案是B選項(xiàng)sleep.

這是書中詞匯題部分對(duì)于不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞的一種解題方法，那么現(xiàn)在我們反過來(lái)想一下，如果我們不是在解詞匯題，而是僅僅在讀這樣的句子的話我們應(yīng)該怎么做呢?我們可以看到在剛才的例題中劃線的句子就是對(duì)前面的那個(gè)詞的一個(gè)解釋，那既然劃線的句子僅僅是為了說(shuō)明前面的詞，那我們?cè)陂喿x句子的時(shí)候就可以省略掉不讀，而在咱們的英語(yǔ)中有類句子就有這種解釋說(shuō)明的作用，那就是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。我們可以簡(jiǎn)單的把這種句型寫成：A, which/who/where/whose...,... 這個(gè)樣子，在這個(gè)句型中A代表一個(gè)詞，在這個(gè)詞的后面是逗號(hào)加一個(gè)從句的格式，這個(gè)時(shí)候我們只要省略不看這個(gè)從句就可以了，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)從句僅是對(duì)前面這個(gè)詞的解釋說(shuō)明，讓我們來(lái)看托福閱讀TPO中的兩個(gè)句子：

1. The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. (TPO2 Desert Formation)

2.The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms. (TPO5 The Cambrian Explosion)

我們可以看到在第一個(gè)句子里面在desert的后面就出現(xiàn)了逗號(hào)加從句，所以我們可以直接省略掉這個(gè)從句部分，原句就變成了：The deserts have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. 第二句話同理我們可以簡(jiǎn)化成：The Ediacara fossil formation consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms. 這樣大家會(huì)看到原本比較長(zhǎng)的兩句話經(jīng)過我們的簡(jiǎn)化就變得比較短了，閱讀起來(lái)也就快了一些，既幫助我們節(jié)省了時(shí)間。

那除了這種句式之外呢，我們也看到在詞匯題的這種方法中還列出了其他的標(biāo)志詞，比如：is called, is defines as....，放在句子中我們可以這樣來(lái)表示：A is called B, A is defined as B. 在這種句式中我們根據(jù)A和B這兩部分哪部分簡(jiǎn)單我們讀哪部分的原理來(lái)進(jìn)行快速閱讀句子。我們還是通過兩個(gè)句子來(lái)看一下：

1. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. (TPO2 Desert Formation)

2. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. (TPO3 The long-term stability of ecosystems)

我們分別來(lái)看一下在這兩句中A和B分別代表句子中的哪一部分。在第一句中我們可以看到表示解釋的詞：is called, 所以A就是is called前面的那部分內(nèi)容，既The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist ，而B就是desertification這個(gè)詞，在這句話中我們可以看到A和B中B要簡(jiǎn)單的多僅有一個(gè)詞，而這個(gè)詞desertification的意思就是沙漠化，所以我們很容易知道這個(gè)句子就是告訴我們什么叫做沙漠化而已。我們?cè)賮?lái)看第二句話，在第二句中那個(gè)表示解釋的詞是be defined as,所以在這句中A就是stability,而B則是the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire。在這個(gè)句中，相比較B來(lái)說(shuō)，A所代表的內(nèi)容比較短僅有一個(gè)詞stability，而這個(gè)詞的意思就是穩(wěn)定性，所以我們可以知道這句話就是告訴我們什么叫做穩(wěn)定性。從這兩個(gè)句子中我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)讀一個(gè)詞的時(shí)間一定會(huì)比讀一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的時(shí)間短，所以仍舊是幫助我們大大的節(jié)省了理解句子的時(shí)間。

托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：全球變暖的影響

Rice yields falling under global warming

全球氣候變暖也與亞洲的一些主要大米出產(chǎn)國(guó)的耕地面積減少有關(guān)。

Global warming is cutting rice yields in many parts of Asia, according to research, with more declines to come.

Yields have fallen by 10-20% over the last 25 years in some locations.

The group of mainly US-based scientists studied records from 227 farms in six important rice-producing countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India and China.

This is the latest in a line of studies to suggest that climate change will make it harder to feed the world's growing population by cutting yields.

In 2004, other researchers found that rice yields in the Philippines were dropping by 10% for every 1C increase in night-time temperature.

That finding, like others, came from experiments on a research station.

The latest data, by contrast, comes from working, fully-irrigated farms that grow "green revolution" crops, and span the rice-growing lands of Asia from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu to the outskirts of Shanghai.

Describing the findings, which are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), lead researcher Jarrod Welch said:

"We found that as the daily minimum temperature increases, or as nights get hotter, rice yields drop."

The mechanism involved is not clear but may involve rice plants having to respire more during warm nights, so expending more energy, without being able to photosynthesise.

By contrast, higher temperatures during the day were related to higher yields; but the effect was less than the yield-reducing impact of warmer nights.

However, if temperatures continue to rise as computer models of climate project, Mr Welch says hotter days will eventually begin to bring yields down.

We see a benefit of [higher] daytime temperatures principally because we haven't seen a scenario where daytime temperatures cross over a threshold where they'd stop benefiting yields and start reducing them," he told BBC News.

"There have been some recent studies on US crops, in particular corn, that showed the drop-off after that threshold is substantial," said the University of California at San Diego researcher.

The 2007 assessment of climate impacts from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that although a modest temperature rise could increase crop yields in some regions, for "temperature increases more than 3C, average impacts are stressful to all crops assessed and to all regions".

A study published at the begining of last year concluded that half of the world's population could face a climate-induced food crisis by 2100, with the most extreme summers of the last century becoming routine towards the end of this century.

托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：無(wú)處不在的手機(jī)

Cellphone feels like a part of your body? A global survey has found that most people can't live without their mobiles， never leave home without them and， if given a choice， would rather lose their wallet.

是不是覺得手機(jī)已成為身體的一部分?一項(xiàng)全球調(diào)查顯示，大多數(shù)人覺得離開手機(jī)無(wú)法生活，從來(lái)不會(huì)不帶手機(jī)出門，如果非要有所取舍，則寧愿舍棄錢包。

Calling mobile phones the "remote control" for life， market research firm Synovate's poll said cell phones are so ubiquitous that by last year more humans owned one than did not.

這項(xiàng)由思緯市場(chǎng)調(diào)查公司開展的民調(diào)稱，手機(jī)已成為人們生活中的“遙控器”，它們無(wú)處不在。截至去年，手機(jī)用戶的數(shù)量已超過沒有手機(jī)的人數(shù)。

Three-quarters of the more than 8，000 respondents polled online in 11 countries said they take their phone with them everywhere， with Russians and Singaporeans the most attached.

該公司共對(duì)來(lái)自11個(gè)國(guó)家的八千多位受訪者開展了一項(xiàng)在線調(diào)查。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，四分之三的受訪者稱自己無(wú)論去哪都會(huì)隨身帶手機(jī)。俄羅斯人和新加坡人對(duì)手機(jī)最為依賴。

More than a third also said they couldn't live without their phone， topped by Taiwanese and again Singaporeans， while one in four would find it harder to replace the mobile than their purse.

超過三分之一的受訪者稱他們生活離不開手機(jī)，其中最多的人來(lái)自臺(tái)灣和新加坡，而四分之一的人覺得隨身攜帶手機(jī)比攜帶錢包更為重要。

Some two-thirds of respondents go to bed with their phones nearby and can't switch them off， even though they want to， because they're afraid they'll miss something.

約三分之二的受訪者睡前會(huì)把手機(jī)放在身邊，而且他們即使想關(guān)機(jī)，也不會(huì)關(guān)掉，因?yàn)楹ε洛e(cuò)過電話。

"Mobiles give us safety， security and instant access to information. They are the number one tool of communication for us， sometimes even surpassing face-to-face communication. They are our connections to our lives，" Jenny Chang， Synovate's managing director in Taiwan， said in a statement.

思緯公司駐臺(tái)灣常務(wù)董事Jenny Chang在一份聲明中稱：“手機(jī)給了我們安全感，讓我們更安心，而且能隨時(shí)接收信息。手機(jī)是我們第一大通訊工具，有時(shí)甚至超過了面對(duì)面的交談。手機(jī)是聯(lián)系我們生活的紐帶?！?/p>

Mobiles have also changed the nature of relationships， with the survey finding nearly half of all respondents use text messages to flirt， a fifth set up first-dates via text and almost the same number use the same method to end a love affair.

手機(jī)還改變了人們談情說(shuō)愛的方式。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，近一半的受訪者利用短信調(diào)情，五分之一的受訪者通過短信安排初次約會(huì)，另有相同比例的人用同樣的方法結(jié)束一段戀情。

Apart from the obvious calling and texting， the top three features people use regularly on their mobile phones globally are the alarm clock， the camera and the games.

除通話和發(fā)短信這兩個(gè)主要的功能外，從全球來(lái)看，人們最常使用的其它三項(xiàng)手機(jī)功能是鬧鐘、拍照和游戲。

As for email and Internet access， 17 percent of respondents said they checked their inboxes or surfed the Web off their phones， lead by those in the United States and Britain.

而至于發(fā)郵件和上網(wǎng)這兩項(xiàng)功能，17%的受訪者稱他們利用手機(jī)查收郵件或?yàn)g覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)，這其中以美國(guó)人和英國(guó)人居多。

One in 10 respondents log onto social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace regularly via mobile， again led by Britain and the United States.

十分之一的受訪者經(jīng)常通過手機(jī)登錄Facebook和Myspace等社交網(wǎng)站，英美人在這一項(xiàng)所占的比例也是最高。

"As the mobile becomes more and more an all-in-one device， many other businesses are facing challenging times. The opportunities for mobile manufacturers and networks however are enormous，" said Synovate's global head of media， Steve Garton.

思緯公司全球媒體總裁史蒂夫?加頓說(shuō)：“隨著手機(jī)逐漸成為一種集多種功能為一體的通訊工具，很多其它行業(yè)正面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。然而這對(duì)手機(jī)制造商和網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)說(shuō)卻蘊(yùn)含著巨大的機(jī)遇?！?/p>

Not everyone is tech savvy， however： 37 percent of respondents said they don't know how to use all the functions on their phone.

但并非所有人都是科技通。37%的受訪者稱，他們不知道如何使用手機(jī)上的所有功能。

Vocabulary：

ubiquitous： existing or being everywhere， esp. at the same time; omnipresent(無(wú)所不在的)

all-in-one：一體化，多功能

savvy：practical understanding; shrewdness or intelligence; common sense(在某一方面很在行)

現(xiàn)代生活中，手機(jī)幾乎是人人都有，隨身攜帶，一部分人甚至患上了嚴(yán)重的手機(jī)依賴癥。關(guān)于手機(jī)使用調(diào)查的文章也成為一些時(shí)尚的焦點(diǎn)，大家可以多閱讀一些類似的文章，大量的托福閱讀背景知識(shí)積累對(duì)于托福閱讀非常有幫助，不管是英文原版還是中文翻譯版，同學(xué)們都可以大量去閱讀，熟悉內(nèi)容即可。

托福閱讀背景材料：性格決定魅力

If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness， the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person， for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study， led by Gary W. Lewandowski， Jr， found that people who exhibit negative traits， such as unfairness and rudeness， appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study， the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received， participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability， showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

"Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind，" said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend， which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and， ultimately， to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how "attractive" the individual was initially perceived to be， or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

"This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are，" said Lewandowski.

如果你表現(xiàn)出誠(chéng)實(shí)和樂于助人等美好品質(zhì)，那么別人會(huì)覺得你的外表也很迷人。一項(xiàng)最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人的性格會(huì)影響別人對(duì)他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

該項(xiàng)由蓋里?W?勒萬(wàn)多維斯基負(fù)責(zé)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們認(rèn)為，表現(xiàn)出不誠(chéng)實(shí)和粗魯?shù)葠毫悠焚|(zhì)的人外表也不夠吸引人。

研究對(duì)象首先觀看了一組異性的照片，隨后分別在得知照片中人物的性格特點(diǎn)之前和之后給他們的外表評(píng)分。

研究對(duì)象在得知照片中人物的性格特點(diǎn)后，還對(duì)與其中每個(gè)人交朋友或做戀人的期望值進(jìn)行了評(píng)分。

研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，有關(guān)人物性格特點(diǎn)的信息大大改變了之前的喜好度評(píng)分，研究對(duì)象的認(rèn)知過程改變了他們對(duì)照片中人物外表的評(píng)價(jià)。

勒萬(wàn)多維斯基說(shuō)：“總的來(lái)說(shuō)，如果人們認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的性格較好，那么他們會(huì)覺得無(wú)論與這個(gè)人做朋友還是做戀人都更合適?！?/p>

研究結(jié)果表明，人們更期望與性格較好的人交朋友、成為戀人，從而會(huì)認(rèn)為他們的外表更迷人。

無(wú)論照片中人物給人的“第一印象”怎樣、或者研究對(duì)象目前的情感關(guān)系狀況以及與伴侶的親密程度如何，研究結(jié)果都是一致的。

勒萬(wàn)多維斯基說(shuō)：“該研究提出了一個(gè)更為積極的觀點(diǎn)，它提醒人們，性格在很大程度上能決定你的吸引力;性格甚至能夠改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)于你外表的印象。”

大量的托福閱讀背景知識(shí)積累對(duì)于托福閱讀非常有幫助，不管是英文原版還是中文翻譯版，同學(xué)們都可以大量去閱讀，熟悉內(nèi)容即可。

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