TED英語(yǔ)演講：我們?yōu)槭裁纯鞓?lè)
《撞上快樂(lè)》的作者丹·吉爾伯特挑戰(zhàn)不快樂(lè)是因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)有得到我們想要的東西的觀點(diǎn)。我們的“心理免疫系統(tǒng)”能讓我們感到正真的快樂(lè)，就算是事情并不如我們所愿。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語(yǔ)演講：我們?yōu)槭裁纯鞓?lè)，歡迎借鑒參考。
演說(shuō)題目：我們?yōu)槭裁纯鞓?lè)
演說(shuō)者：丹·吉爾伯特
When you have 21 minutes to speak,two million years seems like a really long time.But evolutionarily,two million years is nothing.And yet in two million years,the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,going from the one-and-a-quarter pound brain of our ancestor here, Habilis,to the almost three-pound meatloafthat everybody here has between their ears.What is it about a big brainthat nature was so eager for every one of us to have one?
相對(duì)二十一分鐘的演講來(lái)說(shuō)，兩百萬(wàn)年顯得非常漫長(zhǎng)。但是從進(jìn)化的角度來(lái)看，兩百萬(wàn)年只是一瞬間。在兩百萬(wàn)年中，大腦腦容量從我們祖先能人的1.25磅，增大了近三倍成了現(xiàn)在的3磅。自然給予我們的大腦有什么特別之處呢?
Well, it turns out when brains triple in size,they don’t just get three times bigger;they gain new structures.And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part,called the "frontal lobe."Particularly, a part called the "pre-frontal cortex."What does a pre-frontal cortex do for you that should justifythe entire architectural overhaul of the human skullin the blink of evolutionary time?
當(dāng)我們的腦量擴(kuò)大三倍的時(shí)候，大腦不僅僅在體積上有了改變，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上也發(fā)生了變化。我們大腦變大的最大原因就是它有了新的一部分，叫做額葉。其中尤為重要的是前額葉外皮。是什么讓前額葉外皮成人腦中如此重要的一部分?
It turns out the pre-frontal cortex does lots of things,but one of the most important things it does is an experience simulator.Pilots practice in flight simulatorsso that they don’t make real mistakes in planes.Human beings have this marvelous adaptationthat they can actually have experiences in their headsbefore they try them out in real life.This is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,and that no other animal can do quite like we can.It’s a marvelous adaptation.It’s up there with opposable thumbs and standing upright and languageas one of the things that got our species out of the treesand into the shopping mall.
腦前額葉外皮有很多功能，其中最重要的是它擁有一種創(chuàng)造模擬經(jīng)驗(yàn)的功能。飛行員利用在飛行模擬器中的訓(xùn)練來(lái)防止在真實(shí)飛行中產(chǎn)生失誤。人類有驚人的適應(yīng)性，他們可以在大腦中體驗(yàn)未曾真實(shí)經(jīng)歷的東西。這個(gè)技巧是我們的祖先們都不會(huì)的，也沒(méi)有任何動(dòng)物會(huì)。 這種適應(yīng)性真不可思議!這一特征和對(duì)生拇指，直立行走以及語(yǔ)言使我們從樹上進(jìn)化到了購(gòu)物中心。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
All of you have done this.Ben and Jerry’s doesn’t have liver-and-onion ice cream,and it’s not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, "Yuck."It’s because, without leaving your armchair,you can simulate that flavor and say "yuck" before you make it.
現(xiàn)在--我們大家都能做這些。我的意思是，比如本和杰瑞(一個(gè)冰激凌連鎖店)沒(méi)有肝和洋蔥口味的冰激淋。并不是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)囎隽艘幌?，嘗了嘗，而后“Yuck” (表示惡心)。而是因?yàn)槟阕谝巫由暇涂梢韵胂蟾魏脱笫[的口味的冰激淋是怎樣惡心了。
Let’s see how your experience simulators are working.Let’s just run a quick diagnosticbefore I proceed with the rest of the talk.Here’s two different futures that I invite you to contemplate.You can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.One of them is winning the lottery. This is about 314 million dollars.And the other is becoming paraplegic.
讓我們來(lái)看看經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)M器是如何工作的。在我繼續(xù)我的演說(shuō)之前讓我們來(lái)做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的試驗(yàn)。這里有兩個(gè)不同的未來(lái)，我想邀請(qǐng)你們一起來(lái)參與。你可以幻想這兩種未來(lái)，看看你更喜歡哪一種。第一種未來(lái)是贏了價(jià)值3.14億美元的彩票。第二種是截癱。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Just give it a moment of thought.You probably don’t feel like you need a moment of thought.
我給你們幾分鐘考慮一下。你也許覺(jué)得根本不用考慮。
Interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,data on how happy they are.And this is exactly what you expected, isn’t it?But these aren’t the data.I made these up!
這里有一些很有趣的數(shù)據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)顯示了這兩組人到底有多快樂(lè)。是不是這正如你們所料?可其實(shí)這是我胡謅的數(shù)據(jù)。
These are the data.You failed the pop quiz, and you’re hardly five minutes into the lecture.Because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs,and a year after winning the lotto,lottery winners and paraplegicsare equally happy with their lives.
這才是真正的數(shù)據(jù)。你們都沒(méi)有通過(guò)突擊測(cè)試。這堂課開始還不到5分鐘呢。事實(shí)是，在失去雙腿一年之后，和在贏了彩票一年之后，中彩票的人和截癱患者的快樂(lè)程度幾乎相同。
Don’t feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.The research that my laboratory has been doing,that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,has revealed something really quite startling to us,something we call the "impact bias,"which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly.For the simulator to make you believe that different outcomesare more different than in fact they really are.
現(xiàn)在，不要為沒(méi)有通過(guò)突擊測(cè)試而沮喪了。因?yàn)閹缀鯖](méi)有人能通過(guò)這項(xiàng)突擊測(cè)試。我實(shí)驗(yàn)室所做的研究，還有全國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家所做的研究顯示了一種讓人吃驚的東西。我們稱它為影響偏差。這是指人腦的模擬功能有犯錯(cuò)誤的傾向。模擬器會(huì)夸大事物的不同結(jié)果而這些結(jié)果實(shí)際上未必有多么的不同。
From field studies to laboratory studies,we see that winning or losing an election,gaining or losing a romantic partner,getting or not getting a promotion,passing or not passing a college test,on and on, have far less impact,less intensity and much less durationthan people expect them to have.This almost floors me --a recent study showing how major life traumas affect peoplesuggests that if it happened over three months ago,with only a few exceptions,it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究都顯示選舉的輸贏，伴侶的得失，提升與否，考試成敗等等，對(duì)我們的影響及影響的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短都比人們想象的少。事實(shí)上，最新的研究幾乎讓我都迷惑了。最新的研究顯示，發(fā)生在三個(gè)月以前的重大的創(chuàng)傷，除了少數(shù)個(gè)別例子對(duì)你今日的快樂(lè)幾乎沒(méi)有影響。
Why?Because happiness can be synthesized.Sir Thomas Brown wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest man alive.I have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.I am more invulnerable than Achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me."What kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?
這是為什么?因?yàn)榭鞓?lè)是可以人工合成的。托馬斯·布朗在1642年寫到：“我是世界上最快樂(lè)的人。我可以將貧窮變?yōu)楦挥?，將逆境變?yōu)轫樉?。我比阿奇里?Achilles)更無(wú)懈可擊，我用不著幸運(yùn)的眷顧。”是什么力量讓他如此強(qiáng)大?
Well, it turns out it’s precisely the same remarkable machinery that all off us have.Human beings have somethingthat we might think of as a "psychological immune system."A system of cognitive processes, largely non-conscious cognitive processes,that help them change their views of the world,so that they can feel betterabout the worlds in which they find themselves.Like Sir Thomas, you have this machine.Unlike Sir Thomas,you seem not to know it.
這種力量是我們每個(gè)人都有。人類具有一種心理免疫系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)通是一個(gè)認(rèn)知過(guò)程，基本上是無(wú)意識(shí)的認(rèn)知過(guò)程，這種認(rèn)知可以改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)，讓人們感到自己的生活美好。像托馬斯爵士一樣，你也具有這樣的能力。與托馬斯爵士不同的是，你還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到你有這種能力。
We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.Now, you don’t need me to give youtoo many examples of people synthesizing happiness, I suspect.Though I’m going to show you some experimental evidence,you don’t have to look very far for evidence.I took a copy of the New York Timesand tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.Here are three guys synthesizing happiness.I’m better off physically,financially, mentally ...I don’t have one minute’s regret.It was a glorious experience.I believe it turned out for the best.
我們都可以自己制造快樂(lè)，盡管我們一直以為快樂(lè)是一種需要苦苦追尋的東西?，F(xiàn)在，我想你不用我舉太多人們自己合成快樂(lè)的例子，不過(guò)我還是想給你們看一下一些實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)，你并不用太費(fèi)勁地尋求證據(jù)。我上課時(shí)說(shuō)過(guò)要自我挑戰(zhàn)，因此我隨便拿了一份紐約時(shí)報(bào)，試著從中尋找人們?nèi)斯ず铣煽鞓?lè)的例子。這里有三個(gè)例子。“我現(xiàn)在在心理上，經(jīng)濟(jì)上，感情上和精神上各方面都比以前好。”“我沒(méi)有一分鐘后悔過(guò)。”“這個(gè)經(jīng)歷太榮耀了。”“我相信事情向最好的方向發(fā)展。”
Who are these characters who are so damn happy?The first one is Jim Wright.Some of you are old enough to remember:he was the chairman of the House of Representativesand he resigned in disgracewhen this young Republican named Newt Gingrichfound out about a shady book deal he had done.He lost everything.The most powerful Democrat in the country lost everything.He lost his money, he lost his power.What does he have to say all these years later?I am so much better off physically,financially, mentallyand in almost every other way."What other way would there be to be better off?Vegetably? Minerally? Animally?He’s pretty much covered them there.
誰(shuí)如此快樂(lè)?第一位是吉姆·萊特(Jim Wright)。年紀(jì)大一點(diǎn)的人可能記得：他是眾議院主席。他失去了一切。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)名叫牛特·金瑞奇(Newt Gingrich)的年輕共和黨黨員發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的一樁黑幕交易事件， 萊特被迫辭職。這個(gè)在美國(guó)最有權(quán)的民主黨黨員失去了一切。他失去了金錢，權(quán)利。這么多年后，他是怎么看待這些的?“我現(xiàn)在在心理上，經(jīng)濟(jì)上，感情上和精神上等各方面都比以前好。”最好還能好成怎樣?植物上?礦物上?動(dòng)物上?。他基本上都包括了
Moreese Bickham is somebody you’ve never heard of.Moreese Bickham uttered these words upon being released.He was 78 years old.He’d spent 37 years in a Louisiana State Penitentiaryfor a crime he didn’t commit.[He was ultimately releasedfor good behavior halfway through his sentence.]What did he say about his experience?I don’t have one minute’s regret.It was a glorious experience. Glorious!He is not saying,Well, there were some nice guys.They had a gym.Glorious,a word we usually reserve for something like a religious experience.
你可能從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽說(shuō)過(guò)莫里斯·比克漢(Moreese Bickham)。莫里斯·比克漢出獄后說(shuō)了這樣的話。他七十八歲了。他因?yàn)橐豁?xiàng)錯(cuò)誤的判決在路易斯安那監(jiān)獄坐了三十七年牢。他最終在七十八歲時(shí)通過(guò)了DNA測(cè)驗(yàn)確認(rèn)無(wú)罪才被釋放。他是這樣描繪他的這些經(jīng)歷的呢?“我從來(lái)沒(méi)有一分鐘后悔。這個(gè)經(jīng)歷太榮耀了。榮耀!”這個(gè)人不是在說(shuō)：“監(jiān)獄里有些人還是不錯(cuò)的。那里還有一個(gè)健身房。”他說(shuō)的是“榮耀!”我們通常專門用這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)來(lái)形容跟宗教相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷。
Harry S. Langerman uttered these words,and he’s somebody you might have knownbut didn’t, because in 1949 he read a little article in the paperabout a hamburger stand owned by two brothers named McDonalds.And he thought,"That’s a really neat idea!"So he went to find them. They said,We can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks.Harry went back to New York,asked his brother, an investment banker,to loan him the $3,000,and his brother’s immortal words were,You idiot, nobody eats hamburgers.He wouldn’t lend him the money,and of course, six months later Ray Kroc had exactly the same idea.It turns out people do eat hamburgers,and Ray Kroc, for a while,became the richest man in America.
哈里·朗格曼(Harry S Langerman)說(shuō)了這些。他本可以成為一個(gè)家喻戶曉的人物。在1949年，他在報(bào)上看到一篇關(guān)于麥當(dāng)勞兄弟擁有的一家漢堡小攤的報(bào)道。他立馬想到“這是一個(gè)好主意!”他找到了麥當(dāng)勞兄弟。他們同意道：“給我們$3000， 我們就讓你開連鎖店。”哈里回到紐約，向他在投行工作的哥哥借$3000。他哥哥勸慰道：“你真是一個(gè)傻瓜。沒(méi)人會(huì)吃漢堡的。”他沒(méi)有借到錢。6個(gè)月之后，瑞·克羅克(Ray Croc)也有了同樣的想法。結(jié)果是人們喜歡吃漢堡，瑞·克羅克一時(shí)成為巨富。
And then, finally,some of you recognize this young photo of Pete Best,who was the original drummer for the Beatles,until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck awayand picked up Ringo on a tour.Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed --yes, he’s still a drummer;yes, he’s a studio musician --he had this to say: "I’m happier than I would have been with the Beatles."
最后，你們也許會(huì)認(rèn)出年輕的比特·貝斯特(Pete Best),他是甲殼蟲樂(lè)隊(duì)早期的一位鼓手。他們借故丟下了他，讓林格(Ringo)入伙。1994年比特·貝斯特接受采訪的時(shí)候，-是的，他還是一名鼓手;是的，他還是一名音樂(lè)家 --他說(shuō)到：“要是留在甲殼蟲樂(lè)隊(duì)，我不會(huì)這么快樂(lè)。”
Okay. There’s something important to be learned from these people,and it is the secret of happiness.Here it is, finally to be revealed.First: accrue wealth, power,and prestige, then lose it.
好了。我們可以從這些人身上學(xué)到很重要的東西。那是快樂(lè)的秘訣。讓我們總結(jié)一下。一：積聚財(cái)富，權(quán)利和威望，然后失去這些東西。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.
二：把牢底坐穿。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Third: make somebody else really, really rich.And finally: never ever join the Beatles.
三：讓他人成為巨富。最后：千萬(wàn)別加入甲殼蟲樂(lè)隊(duì)。
(Laughter)Yeah, right.Because when people synthesize happiness,as these gentlemen seem to have done,we all smile at them,but we kind of roll our eyes and say,Yeah right, you never really wanted the job.Oh yeah, right. You really didn’t have that much in common with her,and you figured that out just about the timeshe threw the engagement ring in your face."We smirk because we believe that synthetic happinessis not of the same quality as what we might call "natural happiness."
(笑聲)我像澤.法蘭克(Ze Frank)一樣可以猜想到你會(huì)想什么。你們?cè)谙?ldquo;哦，是吧。”因?yàn)楫?dāng)人們像以上例舉的人一樣去合成快樂(lè)時(shí)，我們會(huì)沖他們微笑，同時(shí)會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)著眼睛說(shuō)：“哦，是吧。你從來(lái)沒(méi)有真正想要那份工作。”“哦，是的，你本來(lái)就和她沒(méi)有什么共同點(diǎn)，你知道這點(diǎn)時(shí)，她也差不多要把訂婚戒指取下來(lái)扔給你。”我們假笑是因?yàn)槲覀兿嘈藕铣傻目鞓?lè)比不上天然的快樂(lè)。
What are these terms?Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don’t get what we wanted.And in our society,we have a strong beliefthat synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.
什么是天然的快樂(lè)和人工合成的快樂(lè)?天然的快樂(lè)是得到我們渴求的東西。人工合成的快樂(lè)則是在得不到我們渴求的東西時(shí)，自己制造出來(lái)的東西?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)社會(huì)堅(jiān)信人工合成的快樂(lè)是次品。
Why do we have that belief?Well, it’s very simple.What kind of economic engine would keep churningif we believed that not getting what we wantcould make us just as happy as getting it?With all apologies to my friend Matthieu Ricard,a shopping mall full of Zen monksis not going to be particularly profitable,because they don’t want stuff enough.
為什么人們有這樣的觀點(diǎn)?那很簡(jiǎn)單。如果我們都相信得到或得不到自己想要的東西都能一樣快樂(lè)，那經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎還如何高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)?先讓我向馬修·理查德(Matthieu Ricard)表示歉意，要是光顧商場(chǎng)的都是和尚，那么這些商場(chǎng)豈不是都不賺錢了?因?yàn)楹蜕型ǔ６紱](méi)有什么物質(zhì)需求。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
I want to suggest to you that synthetic happinessis every bit as real and enduringas the kind of happiness you stumble uponwhen you get exactly what you were aiming for.I’m a scientist, so I’m going to do this not with rhetoric,but by marinating you in a little bit of data.
我想告訴你們的是，人工合成的快樂(lè)是真實(shí)而持久的。它和那種因?yàn)榈玫轿覀兛是蟮臇|西而感受到的快樂(lè)一樣。我是一個(gè)科學(xué)家。我不光是說(shuō)一些好聽的結(jié)論，我還要向你們提供一些數(shù)據(jù)。
Let me first show you an experimental paradigm that is usedto demonstrate the synthesis of happiness among regular old folks.And this isn’t mine.It’s a 50-year-old paradigm called the "free choice paradigm."It’s very simple.You bring in, say, six objects,and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.In this case, because this experiment uses them,these are Monet prints.So, everybody can rank these Monet printsfrom the one they like the most,to the one they like the least.Now we give you a choice:We happen to have some extra prints in the closet.We’re going to give you one as your prize to take home.We happen to have number three and number four," we tell the subject.This is a bit of a difficult choice,because neither one is preferred strongly to the other,but naturally, people tend to pick number threebecause they liked it a little better than number four.
第一個(gè)試驗(yàn)證據(jù)顯示了普通人的人工合成的快樂(lè)。這不是我的試驗(yàn)。這個(gè)50年前做的實(shí)驗(yàn)叫做自由選擇。它很簡(jiǎn)單。你有6件物品。你讓受試者把這6件物品按照他們的喜愛(ài)程度排序。在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中我們用6幅莫奈的畫。每個(gè)人都把畫按照他們最喜歡的到最不喜歡的排列?，F(xiàn)在我們給你一個(gè)選擇。“我們正好有一些多余的畫。我們將把畫作為獎(jiǎng)品給你。我們正好有三號(hào)和四號(hào)畫。”這個(gè)選擇有點(diǎn)困難，因?yàn)槭茉囌邔?duì)兩幅畫的喜愛(ài)程度相當(dāng)。很自然，人們都傾向于選擇三號(hào)。因?yàn)樗麄兏矚g三號(hào)。
Sometime later -- it could be 15 minutes; it could be 15 days --the same stimuli are put before the subject,and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.Tell us how much you like them now.What happens?Watch as happiness is synthesized.This is the result that has been replicated over and over again.You’re watching happiness be synthesized.Would you like to see it again?Happiness!The one I got is really better than I thought!That other one I didn’t get sucks!"That’s the synthesis of happiness.
過(guò)了一段時(shí)間之后 - 這可能是15分鐘，也可能是15天。對(duì)同樣的畫，我們叫受試者對(duì)同樣的畫再一次排序。“告訴我們你現(xiàn)在有多喜歡這些畫了?”結(jié)果怎樣?快樂(lè)被人工合成了。我們反復(fù)進(jìn)行了同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)。你看到快樂(lè)被合成了吧!你還想看一下嗎?快樂(lè)!“我有的這張比我預(yù)想的還要好。我得不到的那張，其實(shí)不怎么樣。”這就是人工合成的快樂(lè)。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Now, what’s the right response to that?Yeah, right!Now, here’s the experiment we did,and I hope this is going to convince youthat "Yeah, right!"was not the right response.
現(xiàn)在你怎么想呢?“哦，是吧!”這是我們做的實(shí)驗(yàn)。我希望這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蜃屇阆嘈?ldquo;哦，是嗎!”不是正確的答案。
We did this experiment with a group of patientswho had anterograde amnesia.These are hospitalized patients.Most of them have Korsakoff’s syndrome,a polyneuritic psychosis.They drank way too much,and they can’t make new memories.OK? They remember their childhood,but if you walk in and introduce yourself,and then leave the room,when you come back,they don’t know who you are.
我們跟患有健忘癥的病人做了同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)。這些都是住院病人。大多數(shù)人都患有柯薩可夫(korsakoff)綜合征，這是一種由于飲酒過(guò)度而造成的多發(fā)神經(jīng)炎精神癥?；颊哂洸蛔⌒掳l(fā)生的事情。明白嗎?他們能記得他們的童年，但是如果你自我介紹，然后離開房間，當(dāng)你很快回到他們身邊時(shí)，他們不會(huì)記得你是誰(shuí)。
We took our Monet prints to the hospital.And we asked these patients to rank themfrom the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least.We then gave them the choice between number three and number four.Like everybody else, they said,Gee, thanks Doc! That’s great!I could use a new print.I’ll take number three."We explained we would have number three mailed to them.We gathered up our materials and we went out of the room,and counted to a half hour.
我們把莫奈的畫拿到醫(yī)院去。讓病人們來(lái)對(duì)他們按照喜愛(ài)的程度排序。然后我們讓他們選擇三號(hào)或者四號(hào)畫。像很多人一樣，他們說(shuō)：“哇，真太好了! 謝謝你。 我有一幅新的畫了。我要三號(hào)。”我們解釋說(shuō)，我們會(huì)把三號(hào)郵寄給他們。然后我們收起東西，離開了病人的房間。半個(gè)小時(shí)后，
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Back into the room,we say, "Hi, we’re back."The patients, bless them,say, "Ah, Doc, I’m sorry,I’ve got a memory problem;that’s why I’m here.If I’ve met you before, I don’t remember."Really, you don’t remember?I was just here with the Monet prints?Sorry, Doc, I just don’t have a clue.No problem, Jim. All I want you to do is rank these for mefrom the one you like the most to the one you like the least."
我們回去：“嘿，我們回來(lái)了。”病人們說(shuō)：“啊，醫(yī)生，非常抱歉，我有一點(diǎn)記憶的毛病，所以才住院的。如果我們見(jiàn)過(guò)面，我恐怕不能記得了。”“哦，是嗎，吉姆，你不記得了?我剛剛帶了幾幅莫奈的畫到這兒來(lái)的。”“對(duì)不起，醫(yī)生，我真的不記得了。”“沒(méi)關(guān)系，吉姆。我只是想讓你把這些畫按照你喜愛(ài)的程度排序。”
What do they do?Well, let’s first check and make sure they’re really amnesiac.We ask these amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own,which one they chose last time, which one is theirs.And what we find is amnesiac patients just guess.These are normal controls,where if I did this with you,all of you would know which print you chose.But if I do this with amnesiac patients,they don’t have a clue.They can’t pick their print out of a lineup.
他們?cè)趺醋隽?先讓我們確認(rèn)他們是真的患有健忘癥。我們讓這些病人告訴我們他們有哪幅畫，他們上次選了哪幅畫，哪幅是他們的。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)健忘癥病人純粹在猜。如果是正常對(duì)照者，如果我這樣問(wèn)你你們都記得你選擇了那幅畫。但是這些健忘癥病人，他們一點(diǎn)都不記得了。他們不能從一堆畫中選出我送他們的那張。
Here’s what normal controls do:they synthesize happiness.Right? This is the change in liking score,the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked.Normal controls show -- that was the magic I showed you;now I’m showing it to you in graphical form --The one I own is better than I thought.The one I didn’t own,the one I left behind,is not as good as I thought."Amnesiacs do exactly the same thing.Think about this result.
這是一般人做的：他們?nèi)斯ず铣煽鞓?lè)。是吧?這是喜愛(ài)程度的變化。第一次排序到第二次排序的變化。平常人的數(shù)據(jù)顯示--這正是我要向你們展示的‘魔法’現(xiàn)在我們用圖形來(lái)顯示這個(gè)變化。“我有的比我想的還好。我沒(méi)擁有的，其實(shí)并不怎么樣。”健忘癥病人也做了同樣的事。想想這個(gè)結(jié)果。
These people like better the one they own,but they don’t know they own it.Yeah, right is not the right response!What these people did when they synthesized happinessis they really, truly changedtheir affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster.They’re not just saying it because they own it,because they don’t know they own it.
這些病人更喜歡他們有的，雖然他們并不知道自己擁有這個(gè)。“哦，真的嗎?”-你對(duì)此表示不屑?當(dāng)人們合成快樂(lè)時(shí)，他們真正的，真實(shí)的從感情上和審美角度上改變了對(duì)那幅畫的看法。他們這么說(shuō)不僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄儞碛羞@幅畫，他們其實(shí)并不記得自己有那幅畫。
When psychologists show you bars,you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people.And yet, all of us have this psychological immune system,this capacity to synthesize happiness,but some of us do this trick better than others.And some situations allow anybody to do it more effectivelythan other situations do.It turns out that freedom,the ability to make up your mind and change your mind,is the friend of natural happiness,because it allows you to chooseamong all those delicious futuresand find the one that you would most enjoy.But freedom to choose,to change and make up your mind,is the enemy of synthetic happiness.
現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)心理學(xué)家給你們看這些圖形，你知道他們是在顯示平均數(shù)據(jù)。我們大家都有這個(gè)心理免疫系統(tǒng)，和人工合成快樂(lè)的能力。但是我們中的一些人比另外一些人對(duì)這樣的竅門掌握的更好。同時(shí)，人們的心理免疫系統(tǒng)在某些特定環(huán)境下能比在其他情況下運(yùn)行的更有效。自由，決斷力和改變決定的能力是幫助我們獲得天然快樂(lè)的朋友。它能讓你從各種可能情況中選擇你最喜歡的那種。但是自由選擇決斷力和改變決定的能力-是人工合成快樂(lè)的敵人。
And I’m going to show you why.Dilbert already knows, of course.Dogbert’s tech support.How may I abuse you?My printer prints a blank page after every document.Why complain about getting free paper?Free? Aren’t you just giving me my own paper?Look at the quality of the free paper compared to your lousy regular paper!Only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same!"Now that you mention it,it does seem a little silkier!What are you doing?I’m helping people accept the things they cannot change. Indeed.
我來(lái)解釋這是為什么。當(dāng)然，呆伯特(Dilbert)已經(jīng)知道了。你一邊看卡通，一邊聽我說(shuō)。“Dogbert技術(shù)支持中心。我該怎么說(shuō)你?”“我的打印機(jī)在每個(gè)文件打印完畢后都會(huì)出一張白紙。”“你為什么要抱怨得到免費(fèi)的紙呢?”“免費(fèi)的?這本來(lái)就是我的紙啊?”“哎，老兄，看看這些免費(fèi)的紙的質(zhì)量和那些普通的紙!只有傻子和騙子才會(huì)說(shuō)它們是一樣的。”“啊!在你說(shuō)了之后，這些紙看上去是要光滑一些。”“你在干什么?”“我在幫助這些人接受他們不能改變的現(xiàn)實(shí)。”的確是這樣。
The psychological immune system works bestwhen we are totally stuck, when we are trapped.This is the difference between dating and marriage.You go out on a date with a guy,and he picks his nose; you don’t go out on another date.You’re married to a guy and he picks his nose?He has a heart of gold.Don’t touch the fruitcake!You find a way to be happy with what’s happened.
心理免疫系統(tǒng)在我們沒(méi)有其他選擇時(shí)最有效。這就是約會(huì)和婚姻的區(qū)別，是吧?你出去和一個(gè)男人約會(huì)，他扣扣鼻孔，你就不會(huì)跟他在約會(huì)了。如果你們結(jié)婚了，他扣扣鼻孔。嗯， 他有金子一般的心。別動(dòng)那個(gè)水果蛋糕。是吧?你自我開導(dǎo)，滿于現(xiàn)狀。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Now, what I want to show youis that people don’t know this about themselves,and not knowing this can work to our supreme disadvantage.
現(xiàn)在我告訴你，如果人們不了解自己，不知道他們有這個(gè)心理免疫系統(tǒng)，他們可能做一些很錯(cuò)誤的決定。
Here’s an experiment we did at Harvard.We created a black-and-white photography course,and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom.So we gave them cameras;they went around campus;they took 12 pictures of their favorite professorsand their dorm room and their dog,and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard memories of.They bring us the camera;we make up a contact sheet;they figure out which are the two best pictures;and we now spend six hours teaching them about darkrooms.And they blow two of them up,and they have two gorgeous eight-by-10 glossiesof meaningful things to them, and we say,Which one would you like to give up?I have to give one up?Yes, we need one as evidence of the class project.So you have to give me one.You have to make a choice.You get to keep one,and I get to keep one."
這是我們?cè)诠鸫髮W(xué)做的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。我們開設(shè)了黑白攝影課程。學(xué)生們來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)如何使用暗室。我們給他們相機(jī)。他們?cè)谛@中采景。每人能拍12張照片。他們拍了他們最喜歡的教授，寢室，他們的狗等等。任何留給他們哈佛回憶的東西，都可以拍。然后他們把相機(jī)給我們。我們做了一個(gè)膠片印出的小樣。他們選出最好的兩張。然后我們用了6個(gè)小時(shí)教他們?nèi)绾问褂冒凳?。他們自己把兩張照片映出?lái)。他們有了兩張極有紀(jì)念意義的8*10的照片。我們問(wèn)“哪一張你不要?”他們問(wèn)：“我不能兩張都要嗎?”“噢，不能。我們需要一張來(lái)留底。因此你必須放棄一張。你一定要做一個(gè)決定。你留一張，我留一張。”
Now, there are two conditions in this experiment.In one case, the students are told,But you know,if you want to change your mind,I’ll always have the other one here,and in the next four days, before I actually mail it to headquarters" --Yeah, "headquarters" --I’ll be glad to swap it out with you.In fact, I’ll come to your dorm room,just give me an email.Better yet, I’ll check with you.You ever want to change your mind,it’s totally returnable."The other half of the students are told exactly the opposite:Make your choice, and by the way,the mail is going out, gosh,in two minutes, to England.Your picture will be winging its way over the Atlantic.You will never see it again."Half of the students in each of these conditionsare asked to make predictionsabout how much they’re going to come to like the picture that they keepand the picture they leave behind.Other students are just sent back to their little dorm roomsand they are measured over the next three to six dayson their liking, satisfaction with the pictures.And look at what we find.
現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)又分為兩種。第一種情況，學(xué)生們被告知，“你知道，如果你改變了主意，另外一張還在我這里。我要四天以后才把這些照片寄到總部去。我很樂(lè)意。是的，“總部”。我很樂(lè)意跟你換。事實(shí)上，我會(huì)把照片送到你的寢室來(lái)?yè)Q，只要發(fā)電郵給我就行了。或者我會(huì)聯(lián)系你。只要你改變了主意，我們可以換照片。”其他的學(xué)生被告知的正好相反：“選一張照片。順便說(shuō)一下，另外一張照片馬上就要寄到英國(guó)去。你的照片要漂洋過(guò)海。你再也見(jiàn)不到它了。”然后， 我們讓每組中一半的學(xué)生來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)他們對(duì)留下的照片和送走的照片的喜愛(ài)程度會(huì)如何。其他的學(xué)生回到他們的寢室。我們測(cè)量了在后來(lái)的三到六天之中，他們對(duì)照片的喜愛(ài)和滿意程度?？纯次覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)了什么。
First of all, here’s what students think is going to happen.They think they’re going to maybe come to like the picture they chosea little more than the one they left behind,but these are not statistically significant differences.It’s a very small increase,and it doesn’t much matterwhether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition.
首先，這里是學(xué)生們覺(jué)得事情會(huì)怎樣。他們想他們可能會(huì)更喜歡他們選擇的照片，而不是留給我們的那一張。但是這算不上是統(tǒng)計(jì)上的顯著差異。差異很小，能不能換照片影響并不大。
Wrong-o. Bad simulators. Because here’s what’s really happening.Both right before the swap and five days later,people who are stuck with that picture,who have no choice,who can never change their mind,like it a lot!And people who are deliberating -- "Should I return it?Have I gotten the right one? Maybe this isn’t the good one?Maybe I left the good one?" -- have killed themselves.They don’t like their picture,and in fact even after the opportunity to swap has expired,they still don’t like their picture.Why?Because the [reversible] condition is not conduciveto the synthesis of happiness.
錯(cuò)啦!這一次模擬器工作得很不好!實(shí)際上，在交換以前和5天后，那些沒(méi)有交換權(quán)，不能選擇,不能更改決定的學(xué)生，非常喜歡他們的照片。另外的學(xué)生則在深思熟慮。“我應(yīng)該換照片嗎?我選了好的那張嗎?也許這張并不好?交給老師的那張或許更好?”這些問(wèn)題簡(jiǎn)直折磨人。他們不喜歡他們的照片。事實(shí)上，甚至在交換期結(jié)束后，他們還是不喜歡自己的照片。為什么?因?yàn)榭赡孓D(zhuǎn)的選擇不利于人工合成的快樂(lè)。
So here’s the final piece of this experiment.We bring in a whole new group of naive Harvard studentsand we say, "You know,we’re doing a photography course,and we can do it one of two ways.We could do it so that when you take the two pictures,you’d have four days to change your mind,or we’re doing another course where you take the two picturesand you make up your mind right away and you can never change it.Which course would you like to be in?" Duh!66 percent of the students, two-thirds,prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind.Hello? 66 percent of the students choose to be in the coursein which they will ultimately be deeply dissatisfied with the picture.Because they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows.
這里是這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的最后一部分。我們找了新的一批天真的哈佛學(xué)生。我們告訴他們：“我們將開設(shè)攝影課程，我們有兩種方案。一是你拍兩張照片，然后有四天來(lái)選擇保留哪張照片。另外一種是你拍攝兩張照片，然后當(dāng)機(jī)立斷做選擇。一但做了選擇，你就不能更改。你愿意選擇那種方式?”啊! 66%的學(xué)生，差不多三分之二更愿意加入那個(gè)可以改變選擇的。喂!66%的學(xué)生選擇了那個(gè)讓他們最終將非常不滿意照片的方案。因?yàn)樗麄儾恢涝谑裁礂l件下，人工合成快樂(lè)有效。
The Bard said everything best,of course, and he’s making my point herebut he’s making it hyperbolically:Tis nothing good or bad / But thinking makes it so.It’s nice poetry,but that can’t exactly be right.Is there really nothing good or bad?Is it really the case that gall bladder surgery and a trip to Parisare just the same thing?(Laughter)That seems like a one-question IQ test.They can’t be exactly the same.
莎士比亞說(shuō)的正好反映了我的看法。他說(shuō)的有點(diǎn)夸張。“事無(wú)善惡.思想使然。”這是美麗的詩(shī)句，但是并不一定全對(duì)。事真的無(wú)善惡之分嗎?膽囊手術(shù)真的和到巴黎旅行一樣嗎?(笑聲)這聽上去想一個(gè)IQ測(cè)試題。他們并不完全一樣。
In more turgid prose,but closer to the truth,was the father of modern capitalism,Adam Smith, and he said this.This is worth contemplating:The great source of both the misery and disorders of human lifeseems to arise from overrating the differencebetween one permanent situation and another --Some of these situations may, no doubt,deserve to be preferred to others,but none of them can deserve to be pursuedwith that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the ruleseither of prudence or of justice,or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds,either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly,or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice."In other words: yes, some things are better than others.
現(xiàn)代資本主義之父，亞當(dāng)·斯密(Adam Smith)， 用浮華卻更貼近事實(shí)的語(yǔ)言闡述如下。這是值得思考的。“人生中的悲劇與無(wú)序之源，似乎皆來(lái)源于人們過(guò)高地評(píng)估某種時(shí)局，誠(chéng)然，某些時(shí)局確實(shí)值得人們追求，但是，不管這種追求有多大的合理性，我們都不可因這種癡情的追求而打破謹(jǐn)慎、公正的法則，亦不可破壞我們未來(lái)的心境。因?yàn)榧偃缥覀冋娴哪敲醋?，我們必有一天?huì)憶及當(dāng)日的愚昧，或者是因?yàn)樽约涸?jīng)的偏私而感到后悔。”用另一句話說(shuō)：沒(méi)錯(cuò)，生活中確實(shí)存在某些事物比別的事物更有價(jià)值，
We should have preferences that lead us into one future over another.But when those preferences drive us too hard and too fastbecause we have overrated the difference between these futures,we are at risk.When our ambition is bounded, it leads us to work joyfully.When our ambition is unbounded,it leads us to lie, to cheat, to steal, to hurt others,to sacrifice things of real value.When our fears are bounded,we’re prudent, we’re cautious,we’re thoughtful.When our fears are unbounded and overblown,we’re reckless, and we’re cowardly.
我們確實(shí)應(yīng)該追求價(jià)值更高的東西。但是，假如我們過(guò)分看重不同選擇之間的差異，因而拼命的追求我們想要的東西時(shí)，我們就可能面臨危險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)我們的追求不是無(wú)節(jié)制的時(shí)候，我們可以生活的快樂(lè)。當(dāng)我們的追求不受節(jié)制的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)生活得很痛苦，甚至?xí)テ墼p，偷竊，傷害他人，更甚至是犧牲真正有價(jià)值的東西。當(dāng)我們畏懼受控制時(shí)，我們會(huì)行事謹(jǐn)慎、三思而后行。當(dāng)我們的畏懼失去節(jié)制并無(wú)限膨脹的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)變得魯莽大意，或者膽小如鼠。
The lesson I want to leave you with, from these data,is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown,because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the very commoditywe are constantly chasing when we choose experience.
最后用一句話來(lái)概括我們從這些數(shù)據(jù)中學(xué)到的東西：我們每個(gè)人的期望與擔(dān)憂在一定程度上都被夸大了，通過(guò)選擇感受，我們自己可以生產(chǎn)出我們所不懈追求的那樣?xùn)|西。
Thank you.(Applause)
謝謝。(掌聲)
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