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arc_btn"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="y_ju"><script type="text/javascript">a("title");</script></div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="con_article con_main" id="contentText"> <p>高考化學(xué)實驗操作常考類型</p><p> 　　在高考化學(xué)試卷上，作為?？碱愋偷膶嶒灢僮黝}，需要我們平時多加練習(xí)。以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編今天所分享的高考化學(xué)實驗操作?？碱愋?，希望對你的復(fù)習(xí)提供些許助力。</p><h2> 　　高考化學(xué)實驗操作?？碱愋停簩嶒灮静僮?/h2><p> 　　1、不能用pH試紙測定氯水或84消毒液的pH</p><p> 　　因為氯水和84消毒液具有漂白性，能使pH試紙先變紅再褪色。</p><p> 　　2、從溶液中得到溶質(zhì)的方法</p><p> 　　(1)若溶質(zhì)為加熱易分解的(NH4HCO3)、易被氧化的(Na2SO3)、易水解的(FeCl3、AlCl3等)或欲得到結(jié)晶水合物時，必須采用蒸發(fā)濃縮，冷卻結(jié)晶的方法。易水解的鹽還要采取措施抑制水解。</p><p> 　　(2)若溶質(zhì)受熱不易分解，不易水解，不易被氧化(NaCl)，可以采用蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶法。</p><p> 　　3、配制480mL溶液時要選用500mL的容量瓶</p><p> 　　計算時要按照500mL計算?；卮饘嶒瀮x器容量瓶時一定要說明規(guī)格。</p><p> 　　4、使用分液漏斗分液時，打開分液漏斗的活塞，液體不能順利流下</p><p> 　　操作上的原因可能是分液漏斗上端的塞子沒有打開或沒有對孔。</p><p> 　　5、用坩堝采用加熱分解法進(jìn)行定量實驗時，稱量次數(shù)至少4次。</p><p> 　　6、常用的防倒吸裝置</p><p> 　　(1)在導(dǎo)管末端連接一個倒置的漏斗，使漏斗的下沿剛好沒入水中。</p><p> 　　(2)在導(dǎo)管末端連接一個干燥管，干燥管的細(xì)管可插入水中，但不能太深。</p><p> 　　(3)在制備裝置后面連接安全瓶。</p><p> 　　7、在做固體在氣體中燃燒的實驗時，需要在集氣瓶里放一部分水或細(xì)沙</p><p> 　　以防止灼熱的燃燒產(chǎn)物炸裂瓶底。</p><p> 　　8、點(diǎn)燃可燃性氣體(H2、CO、CH4、C2H4、C2H2等)之前要先驗純。</p><p> 　　9、引發(fā)鋁熱反應(yīng)的操作是</p><p> 　　在鋁粉與氧化鐵的混合物上加入少量的氯酸鉀，并插入一根鎂條，用燃著的木條引燃鎂條。</p><p> 　　10、在發(fā)生有機(jī)反應(yīng)的試管上方往往加一個帶有長導(dǎo)管的單孔橡皮塞</p><p> 　　長導(dǎo)管的作用是冷凝回流，目的是減少易揮發(fā)反應(yīng)物的損耗和充分利用原料。</p><p> 　　11、在氫氣還原氧化銅的實驗中，H2必須過量</p><p> 　　因為氫氣除了作還原劑之外，還要用于排盡裝置中的空氣和作保護(hù)氣。</p><p> 　　12、用排空氣法收集氣體時，需要蓋上毛玻璃片或塞上一團(tuán)疏松的棉花</p><p> 　　目的是減少空氣與氣體的對流，增大氣體的純度。</p><p> 　　13、檢驗沉淀已經(jīng)完全的方法是</p><p> 　　將反應(yīng)混合液靜置，在上層清液中繼續(xù)滴加沉淀劑，若不再產(chǎn)生沉淀，則已經(jīng)沉淀完全，若產(chǎn)生沉淀，則未完全沉淀。</p><p> 　　14、洗滌沉淀的方法</p><p> 　　向過濾器中加蒸餾水至沒過沉淀，使水自行流下，重復(fù)操作2~3次。</p><p> 　　15、檢驗沉淀是否洗滌干凈的方法</p><p> 　　以FeCl3溶液與NaOH溶液制得Fe(OH)3沉淀后過濾為例，取最后一次的洗滌液少許置于試管中，加入用硝酸酸化的硝酸銀溶液，若有白色沉淀，則未洗滌干凈，若無白色沉淀，則已經(jīng)洗滌干凈。</p><p> 　　注意：要選擇一種溶液中濃度較大的比較容易檢驗的離子檢驗，不能檢驗沉淀本身具有的離子。</p><h2> 　　高考化學(xué)實驗操作常考類型：“先”與“后”10例</h2><p> 　　1、用H2還原CuO時，先通H2，后加熱CuO，反應(yīng)完畢后先撤酒精燈，冷卻后再停止通H2。</p><p> 　　2、稀釋濃硫酸時，燒杯中先裝一定量蒸餾水后再沿器壁緩慢注入濃硫酸。</p><p> 　　3、做氯氣的制備等實驗時，先滴加液體后點(diǎn)燃酒精燈。</p><p> 　　4、檢驗SO42-時先用鹽酸酸化，后加BaCl2。</p><p> 　　5、檢驗NH3(用紅色石蕊試紙)、Cl2(用淀粉KI試紙)等氣體時，先用蒸餾水潤濕試紙后再與氣體接觸。</p><p> 　　6、中和滴定實驗時，用蒸餾水洗過的滴定管先用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液潤洗后再裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液;先用待測液潤洗后再移取液體;滴定管讀數(shù)時先等1~2分鐘后讀數(shù);觀察錐形瓶中溶液顏色的改變時，先等半分鐘顏色不變后即為滴定終點(diǎn)。</p><p> 　　7、做氣體的體積測定實驗時先冷卻至室溫后測量體積，測量時先保證左右裝置液面高度一致后測定。</p><p> 　　8、配制Fe2+、Sn2+等易水解、易被氧化的鹽溶液，先把蒸餾水煮沸，再溶解，并加少量相應(yīng)金屬粉末和相應(yīng)酸。</p><p> 　　9、檢驗鹵代烴中的鹵元素時，在水解后的溶液中先加稀HNO3再加AgNO3溶液。</p><p> 　　10、檢驗蔗糖、淀粉等是否水解時，先在水解后溶液中加NaOH溶液中和，后加銀氨溶液或Cu(OH)2懸濁液。</p><h2> 　　高考化學(xué)實驗操作?？碱愋停夯瘜W(xué)方法分離和提純物質(zhì)</h2><p> 　　(1)用化學(xué)方法分離和提純物質(zhì)時要注意：</p><p> 　?、僮詈貌灰胄碌碾s質(zhì)</p><p> 　　②不能損耗或減少被提純物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量</p><p> 　?、蹖嶒灢僮饕啽悖荒芊彪s。用化學(xué)方法除去溶液中的雜質(zhì)時，要使被分離的物質(zhì)或離子盡可能除凈，需要加入過量的分離試劑，在多步分離過程中，后加的試劑應(yīng)能夠把前面所加入的無關(guān)物質(zhì)或離子除去。</p><p> 　　(2)對于無機(jī)物溶液常用下列方法進(jìn)行分離和提純：</p><p> 　　a.生成沉淀法</p><p> 　　例如NaCl溶液里混有少量的MgCl2雜質(zhì)，可加入過量的NaOH溶液，使Mg2+離子轉(zhuǎn)化為Mg(OH)2沉淀(但引入新的雜質(zhì)OH-)，過濾除去Mg(OH)2，然后加入適量鹽酸，調(diào)節(jié)pH為中性。</p><p> 　　b.生成氣體法</p><p> 　　例如Na2SO4溶液中混有少量Na2CO3，為了不引入新的雜質(zhì)并增加SO42-，可加入適量的稀H2SO4，將CO32-轉(zhuǎn)化為CO2氣體而除去。</p><p> 　　c.氧化還原法</p><p> 　　例如在 FeCl3溶液里含有少量 FeCl2雜質(zhì)，可通入適量的Cl2氣將FeCl2氧化為FeCl3。若在 FeCl2溶液里含有少量 FeCl3，可加入適量的鐵粉而將其除去。</p><p> 　　d.正鹽和與酸式鹽相互轉(zhuǎn)化法</p><p> 　　例如在Na2CO3固體中含有少量NaHCO3雜質(zhì)，可將固體加熱，使NaHCO3分解生成Na2CO3，而除去雜質(zhì)。若在NaHCO3溶液中混有少量Na2CO3雜質(zhì)，可向溶液里通入足量CO2，使Na2CO3轉(zhuǎn)化為NaHCO3。</p><p> 　　e.利用物質(zhì)的兩性除去雜質(zhì)</p><p> 　　例如在Fe2O3里混有少量的Al2O3雜質(zhì)，可利用Al2O3是兩性氧化物，能與強(qiáng)堿溶液反應(yīng)，往試樣里加入足量的 NaOH溶液，使其中 Al2O3轉(zhuǎn)化為可溶性 NaAlO2，然后過濾，洗滌難溶物，即為純凈的Fe2O3。</p><p> 　　f.離子交換法</p><p> 　　例如用磺化煤(NaR)做陽離子交換劑，與硬水里的Ca2+、Mg2+進(jìn)行交換，而使硬水軟化。</p><h2> 　　高考化學(xué)實驗操作?？碱愋停何镔|(zhì)的檢驗、凈化和制備方法</h2><p> 　　1、醛基的檢驗方法：若用銀氨溶液，則采用水浴加熱;若用新制的氫氧化銅懸濁液則采用酒精燈直接加熱至沸騰，兩種反應(yīng)都必須在堿性條件下進(jìn)行。</p><p> 　　2、酯的檢驗方法：加入氫氧化鈉溶液和酚酞試液加熱，紅色變淺或消失。</p><p> 　　3、檢驗含有Fe3+的溶液中含有Fe2+的方法：取少許待測液置于試管中，滴加少許酸性高錳酸鉀溶液，紫色退去，說明含有Fe2+。</p><p> 　　4、檢驗CO的方法：通過灼熱的氧化銅，黑色的氧化銅變紅色，產(chǎn)生的氣體能使澄清石灰水變渾濁。</p><p> 　　5、除去酸性CuCl2溶液中含有的FeCl2和FeCl3的方法：先用氯氣或H2O2將Fe2+ 氧化為Fe3+，再向溶液中加入CuO或Cu(OH)2或CuCO3等物質(zhì)，調(diào)整溶液的pH使Fe3+完全沉淀，過濾。</p><p> 　　6、用飽和酸式鹽溶液除雜的氣體：</p><p> 　　(1)CO2(HCl、SO2) ：通過盛有飽和NaHCO3溶液的洗氣瓶</p><p> 　　(2)H2S(HCl) ：通過盛有飽和NaHS溶液的洗氣瓶</p><p> 　　(3))SO2(HCl) ：通過盛有飽和NaHSO3溶液的洗氣瓶</p><p> 　　7、除去二氧化硫氣體中含有三氧化硫氣體的方法是通過盛有濃硫酸的洗氣瓶吸收。</p><p> 　　8、油脂皂化反應(yīng)進(jìn)行完全的標(biāo)志是混合液不再分層，取少許皂化液加入水中無油滴產(chǎn)生。8、9、一些氣體的快速制備方法：</p><p> 　　(1)NH3：濃氨水+NaOH固體或生石灰;</p><p> 　　(2)O2：①H2O2 + MnO2 ②Na2O2 + H2O 或稀鹽酸</p><p> 　　(3)Cl2：KMnO4 + 濃鹽酸</p><p> 　　(4)HCl：濃鹽酸 + 濃硫酸</p><p> 　　10、工業(yè)上冶煉鋁的方法是電解熔融的氧化鋁，而不電解熔融AlCl3，工業(yè)上冶煉鎂的方法是電解熔融的MgCl2，而不是電解熔融的氧化鎂。</p><p> 　　11、皂化結(jié)束后用鹽析的方法使高級脂肪酸鈉與甘油分離開。</p><p> 　　12、混合物成分的推斷方法：</p><p> 　　(1)注意限制條件：如“無色氣體”、“無色溶液”“酸性”、“堿性”等;</p><p> 　　(2)用已經(jīng)存在的物質(zhì)否定與之不共存的物質(zhì)。如：H2S與SO2 ;NH3與HCl;Cl2與HI、HBr等不共存。</p><p> 　　(3)連續(xù)實驗要注意新加入或新生成的物質(zhì)對實驗的影響。</p><p> 　　(4)巧用電荷守恒推斷K+、Na+等是否存在。</p><h2> 　　看過“高考化學(xué)實驗操作常考類型”的還看了：</h2><p> 1.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/gaosanhuaxue/367531.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/gaosanhuaxue/367531.html" target="_blank">2016高考化學(xué)實驗操作考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)</a></p><p> 2.<a _ target="_blank">2016年高考化學(xué)實驗必考知識點(diǎn)匯總</a></p><p> 3.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/huaxue/3241985.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/huaxue/3241985.html" target="_blank">2017高考化學(xué)實驗題的類型</a></p><p> 4.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/gaokaofudao/68399.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/gaokaofudao/68399.html" target="_blank">高考化學(xué)?？嫉膶嶒炛R點(diǎn)</a></p><p> 5.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/huaxue/3274458.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/huaxue/3274458.html" target="_blank">2017高考化學(xué)實驗必考知識點(diǎn)</a></p><p> 6.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/xuexifangfa/gaosanhuaxue/1050117.html" 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