高一英語語法匯總與使用的注意事項
高一英語語法匯總與使用的注意事項
英語語法的學(xué)習(xí)是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的核心之一，在高一這個承上啟下的階段對于這部分內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí)更是要付出更大的心思，小編在這整理了相關(guān)資料，希望能幫助到您。
高一英語語法匯總
一、英語簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)
S+V是主謂
S+V+DO 是主謂加雙賓
S+V+P是主謂賓
S(主語)+V(謂語)+ I(間接賓語)+D(直接賓語)
S(主語)+V(動詞)+O (賓語)+Complement(補(bǔ)語)
1. Subject (主語) + Verb (謂語)
這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，這些動詞常見的有：appear, apologize,arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如：
The students work very hard.學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)很努力。
She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。
The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上發(fā)生的。
2. Subject (主語) + Link. V(系動詞) + Predicate(表語)
這種句型中的系動詞一般可分為下列兩類：
(1)表示狀態(tài)的連系動詞。這些詞有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如：
Several players lay flat on the playground.幾個隊員平躺在操場上。
We should remain modest and prudent any time.我們在任何時候都應(yīng)該保持謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。
This kind of food tastes terrible.這種食物吃起來很糟糕。
The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.這幅畫在一定的距離看更漂亮一些。
(2)表示轉(zhuǎn)變或結(jié)果的系動詞。這些詞有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如：
Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來越暖和。
Don't have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那種食物，已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。
The facts prove true.事實證明是正確的。
3. Subject(主語) + Verb (謂語) + Object (賓語)
這種句型中的動詞應(yīng)為及物動詞或者可以后接賓語的動詞短語。同時，句子中有時含有與賓語有關(guān)的狀語。作賓語的成分常是：名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句。如：
You can put the books in your bag.你可以把書放在書包里。
Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我們這里的農(nóng)民種很多種蔬菜。
She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞臺上露面的機(jī)會。
I prefer to make web pages.我更喜歡做網(wǎng)頁。
4. Subject(主語)+Verb(謂語)+ Indirect object(間接賓語)+Direct object (直接賓語)
這種句型中作間接賓語的常常指“人”，直接賓語常常指“物”。如：
Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.昨天她父親給她買了一輛自行車作為生日禮物。
The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.老人正在給孩子們講長征中的故事。
這種句型還可轉(zhuǎn)換為其他兩種句型：1)動詞 + 賓語 + for sb.; 2)動詞 + 賓語+to sb.。如：
Please show me your picture.
-Please show your picture to me.
請把你的畫給我看一下。
I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don't lose heart.
—I'll offer a good chance for you as long as you don't lose heart.
只要你不失去信心，我會給你提供機(jī)會的。
5. Subject(主語)+Verb (動詞)+Object (賓語)+Complement(補(bǔ)語)
這種句型中的賓語+ 補(bǔ)語可統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語”。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式等。如：
Keep the children quiet, please. 請讓孩子們安靜下來。
He painted the wall white. 他把墻漆成白色。
We found him an honest person.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個誠實的人。
His mother told him not to play on the street.他母親告訴他不要在街上玩。
注意：動詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時，不帶to。如：
The boss made him do the work all day.老板讓他整天做那項工作。
二、英語句子種類兩種分類法
按句子的用途可分四種：
1)陳述句(肯定、否定)：He is six years old. She didn’t hear of you before.
2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意)：
Do they like skating? How old is he?
Is he six or seven years old?
Mary can swim, can’t she?
3)祈使句：Be careful, boys. Don’t talk in class
4)感嘆句：How clever the boy is! What a clever boy he is!
按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：
1)簡單句：只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)。
He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列連詞(and, but, or等)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3)復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。英語從句包括名詞性從句(主語從句,表語從句,賓語從句和同位語從句),定語從句和狀語從句等。
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
三、英語句子成分分析
1、主語(subject): 句子說明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名詞)
He likes dancing. (代詞)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞)
Seeing is believing. (動名詞)
To see is to believe. (不定式)
What he needs is a book. (主語從句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語)
附帶復(fù)習(xí)一下it 作形式主語的一些用法: 當(dāng)主語部分太長時為了句子平衡采用it作形式主語。所謂形式是指句子的真正主語將在句子末段出現(xiàn)
1.it is+名詞+從句 :It is a surprise that you give such an answer to this question.
2. it is +形容詞+從句: It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.
3. It +動詞+從句: It appeared that he had a taste for music.
4. It be +分詞+從句:It is said that Li Tao has been to Europe.
2、謂語(predicate):說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征
We study English. He is asleep.
3、表語(predicative):系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。
He is a teacher. (名詞)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代詞)
Five and five is ten. (數(shù)詞)
He is asleep. (形容詞)
His father is in. (副詞)
The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容詞化的分詞)
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. ” (不定式)
The question is whether they will come. (表語從句)
常見的系動詞有: be, sound(聽起來)， look(看起來)， fee l(摸起來)，smell(聞起來)，taste(嘗、吃起來)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感覺) ….
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired.
4、賓語：
1)動作的承受者——動賓
I like China. (名詞)
He hates you. (代詞)
How many do you need? We need two. (數(shù)詞)
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy working with you. (動名詞)
I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said? (賓語從句)
2)介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞——介賓
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 雙賓語——間賓(指人)和直賓(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
5、賓補(bǔ)：對賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。
We elected him monitor. (名詞)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)
We will make them happy. (形容詞)
We found nobody in. (副詞)
Please make yourself at home. (介詞短語)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (帶to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (現(xiàn)在分詞)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (過去分詞)
6、主補(bǔ)：對主語的補(bǔ)充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
7、定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名詞)
He is our friend. (代詞)
We belong to the third world. (數(shù)詞)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容詞)
The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)
The boys playing football are in Cla2. (現(xiàn)在分詞)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (過去分詞)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定語從句)
8、狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。
(以下例句按上述順序排列)
I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pathe exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
高一英語語法使用的注意事項
動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點
1.瞬間性動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常用來表示將來的動作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
?、贛y uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2.在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例句：
?、貳very time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
?、跿hey’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3.一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時都表示過去所發(fā)生的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用;一般過去時只表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
2直接引語與間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題
1.人稱的變化
2.時態(tài)的變化
3.時間狀語的變化
4.地點狀語的變化
例句：
?、賆iao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
?、贐ob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
3定語從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2.先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
?、赥his is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3.先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
不能用that的情況
1.非限制性定語從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
4現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時進(jìn)行的比較
1.強(qiáng)調(diào)動作還未結(jié)束時,多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時;強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果時,多用現(xiàn)在完成時。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在畫”這個動作)
?、贗 have painted the painting. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“畫完了”這個結(jié)果)
2.有些動詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
?、賁he has had a cold for a week.
?、赥hey have loved each other for three years.
?、跧 have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語動詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生;having done則表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞之前。
[例句]
?、貶earing the news, they got excited. (hear和get excited這兩個動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
?、贖aving arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2.動詞后接動詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動詞后既可接動詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth.表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth.則表示該動作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth.表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth.表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth.表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth.表示“試著做某事”。
?、?stop to do sth.表示“停下來接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事”。
?、?go on to do sth.表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth.表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
?、?can’t help to do sth.表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth.表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)過程，動作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，該動作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
?、買 have written a book. (動作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
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