英文語(yǔ)法難到底難在哪，怎么解決?
英文語(yǔ)法難到底難在哪，怎么解決?
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法老是出錯(cuò)，認(rèn)識(shí)到為什么學(xué)生犯這些錯(cuò)誤是非常重要的。我們需要設(shè)計(jì)和利用一些活動(dòng)來(lái)支持學(xué)生，幫助他們克服母語(yǔ)遷移中出現(xiàn)的這些問題。小編在這里整理了相關(guān)知識(shí)，快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
英文語(yǔ)法難到底難在哪，怎么解決?
1
Parts of Speech 詞性
In English there are several parts of speech:
在英文中，常見的詞性有以下幾種：
Noun 名詞
Pronoun 代詞
Adjective 形容詞
Verb 動(dòng)詞
Adverb 副詞
Preposition 介詞
Conjunction 連詞
Interjection 感嘆詞
Article 冠詞
Quite often the word will change if it changes it’s function to another part of speech. For example, ‘honesty’ noun, ‘honest’ adjective, and ‘honestly’ adverb.
如果一個(gè)單詞要改變?cè)~性，那么這個(gè)詞通常會(huì)改變其形態(tài)。例如誠(chéng)實(shí)的名詞是‘honesty’，誠(chéng)實(shí)的形容詞‘honest’，以及誠(chéng)實(shí)的副詞‘honestly’，其形式在英文中都不盡相同。
This is not always the case:
但這并非總是如此：
‘Many English words can belong to more than one part of speech. Words like neigh, break, outlaw, laser, microwave, and telephone might all be either verbs or nouns. In certain circumstances, even words with primarily grammatical functions can be used as verbs or nouns, as in, "We must look to the hows and not just the whys.’
許多英語(yǔ)單詞可以擁有多個(gè)詞性。像neigh (馬叫; 馬嘶聲)，break(休息; 休息的時(shí)間)，outlaw (逍遙法外; 逍遙法外的人)，laser (激光; 發(fā)出激光)，microwave (微波; 使用微波加熱)和 telephone (電話; 打電話)這樣的詞，都可以作為動(dòng)詞或名詞來(lái)使用。在某些情況下，即使是有重要語(yǔ)法功能的單詞也可以用作動(dòng)詞或名詞，如“ We must look to the hows and not just the whys.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech
In Chinese however, these classifications are even less formally distinguished. Depending on context the word form can stay the same, but have different structural functions. This can make it difficult for student to remember the different word forms in the different parts of speech classifications. Also, the word form may need to change to fulfil the function of the word in the sentence.
然而，在中文中，這些詞性的分類就更加模糊。根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，單詞的形式可以保持不變，但卻具有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)功能。這會(huì)讓學(xué)生難以記住不同詞性的分類下單詞的不同形式。此外，在一句話中，單詞可能需要變形來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)它的功能。
以下舉例變形錯(cuò)誤的例子：
‘She likes to walk’
‘I have not son.’
‘He is not doubt about the correct of his a argument.’
‘It is very difficulty to convince him.’
Jung Chung, Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and other Problems (Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers) 2nd Edition
2
Verb Forms 動(dòng)詞形式
In English there are only two true tenses which are shown below:
在英語(yǔ)中，其實(shí)只有兩個(gè)真正的時(shí)態(tài)。如下所示：
Tenses: Present, Past.
Aspects: Simple, Perfect, Progressive, Perfect Progressive
Voices: Active, Passive
時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在，過去。
語(yǔ)體：一般，完成，進(jìn)行，完成進(jìn)行
語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)，被動(dòng)
Quite often for teaching purposes they are regarded as different tenses due their relationship with time.
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)目的，它們通常會(huì)根據(jù)時(shí)間關(guān)系而被看做不同的時(shí)態(tài)。
In English verbs are only inflected in the past and present tenses. For example, In the third person verbs are inflected ‘go’ and ‘goes. In the past tense ‘eat’ changes to ‘ate’ or ‘eaten’. There is no future tense as modal verbs are used to show the futurity not the verb inflected e.g. ‘I will (modal) eat (verb in it’s base form) later.’
在英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞僅會(huì)隨著過去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)而產(chǎn)生屈折變化。例如，在第三人稱單數(shù)情況下，“去”這個(gè)動(dòng)詞從“go”變?yōu)椤癵oes”。在過去時(shí)態(tài)中，“吃”這個(gè)動(dòng)詞由“eat”變?yōu)椤癮te”或“eaten”。英文中之所以沒有將來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)，是因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞被用來(lái)表示未來(lái)，所以動(dòng)詞就不受影響，保持原有形態(tài)，例如“I will (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) eat(動(dòng)詞原形)later. ”
Chinese unlike English is a non-inflected language. This can cause several difficulties for the learner:
漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)不同，不是一種屈折語(yǔ)。這會(huì)給學(xué)習(xí)者帶來(lái)一些困難：
1、Subject verb agreement 主謂一致
She like eating fruit.
She likes eating fruit.
2、Irregular verb forms 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
I flied to America last week.
I flew to America last week.
3、Complex verb forms 復(fù)合動(dòng)詞
The boy was hurting in the accident.
The boy was hurt in the accident.
3
Time, Tense and Aspect 時(shí)間、時(shí)態(tài)和體
As mentioned before Chinese doesn't conjugate verbs to show time. Also, aspects can be confusing. For example, the present perfect can be misleading as one function is to relate an event in the past to the present. The learners particularly struggle when to use the simple past tense and the present perfect simple.
如前所述，中文里不會(huì)改變動(dòng)詞形態(tài)來(lái)顯示時(shí)間。而且，體也是讓人困惑的另一個(gè)概念。例如，學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)候，學(xué)生可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生誤解，因?yàn)樗渲幸粋€(gè)功能就是將過去發(fā)生的事件與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)。尤其是在學(xué)習(xí)何時(shí)應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)候，學(xué)生會(huì)非常困擾。
For example:
例如：
I have seen the movie two days ago.
I saw the movie two days ago.
And with time markers the present simple continuous can be used with future meaning.
這種困擾也體現(xiàn)在用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)去描述未來(lái)的事件。
There is a party tonight.
Continuous or progressive tenses can cause problems for Chinese learners.
有時(shí)，利用時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示未來(lái)。
I’m playing football tomorrow.
Continuous or progressive tenses can cause problems for Chinese learners.
因此，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)于中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō)，是一個(gè)問題。
What do you listen to?
What are you listening to?
4
Verb Patterns 動(dòng)詞類型
Transitive and intransitive verbs can cause problems.
及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也會(huì)造成困難。
‘A transitive verb is one that is used with an object: a noun, phrase, or pronoun that refers to the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.’
“及物動(dòng)詞是可以與賓語(yǔ)一起使用的動(dòng)詞，例如：名詞，短語(yǔ)或代詞，指的是受動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作影響的人或事物。”
In the following sentences, admire, maintain, face, and love are transitive verbs:
在下面的句子中，admire, maintain, face, 和love都是及物動(dòng)詞：
I admire your courage.
We need to maintain product quality.
An intransitive verb does not have an object. In the following sentences, cry, work, laugh, and talk are intransitive verbs:
不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語(yǔ)， 在下列句子里， cry, work, laugh, 和 talk 都是不及物動(dòng)詞：
The baby was crying.
I work for a large firm in Paris.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs
Learners can use them incorrectly.
學(xué)習(xí)者通常會(huì)錯(cuò)誤使用。
‘He married with a charming girl.’
‘She talked a few words with one of the passengers’
Jung Chung, Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and other Problems (Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers) 2nd Edition
This is made more difficult by the fact some verbs can be both.
事實(shí)上，更難的是有些動(dòng)詞既可以同時(shí)作及物動(dòng)詞， 也可以做不及物動(dòng)詞。
Verb 動(dòng)詞 | Transitive 及物 | Intransitive 不及物 |
move | Could you move your car please? | The trees were moving in the breeze. |
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs
The verb form can cause problems as well.
不同動(dòng)詞的形式也會(huì)產(chǎn)生問題。
I am boring.
I am bored.
used the present participle instead of the past participle
應(yīng)使用過去分詞，卻用了現(xiàn)在分詞
I forgot bringing your food.
I forgot to bring your food.
used the present participle instead of the infinitive+to
應(yīng)使用動(dòng)詞to do不定式，卻用了現(xiàn)在分詞
He’s used to get up early.
He’s used to getting up early.
used the infinitive + to, instead of a gerund
應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式，卻用了動(dòng)詞to do不定式
In conclusion, as teachers is important to realize why students are making these errors. We need to design and use activities which provide the students with support to help them overcome these issues from L1 transfer.
小學(xué)詞匯分類記憶：家庭用品basket | 籃子 |
bed | 床 |
box | 盒子，箱子 |
bottle | 瓶子 |
brush | 刷子 |
chair | 椅子 |
can | (美）罐頭，罐子 |
candle | 蠟燭 |
clock | 鐘 |
cover | 蓋子，罩 |
desk | 書桌；辦公桌 |
drawer | 抽屜 |
furniture | 家具 |
handbag | 手提包 |
iron | 熨斗 |
key | 鑰匙，鍵 |
lamp | 燈 |
lock | 鎖 |
mirror | 鏡子 |
photo=photograph | 照片 |
picture | 圖片,畫片，照片 |
rope | 粗繩；繩索 |
rubbish | 垃圾；廢物 |
safe | 保險(xiǎn)箱 |
shelf | 架子(復(fù)shelves) |
shower | 淋浴 |
soap | 肥皂 |
sofa | 沙發(fā) |
stick | 木棍；手杖；枝條 |
table | 桌子 |
thing | 事；東西，物（復(fù)數(shù)）局面； |
thread | 線 |
toothbrush | 牙刷 |
toothpaste | 牙膏 |
towel | 浴巾，毛巾 |
umbrella | 雨傘；傘 |
watch | 手表 |
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