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說(shuō)說(shuō)因胃氣發(fā)出的響聲
Bang!
呃!
There’s nothing that sends the stomach up into the throat quite as effectively as a sudden, unexpected loud noise at close range.
胃氣上行至喉嚨最明顯的表現(xiàn)就是從喉嚨附近發(fā)出一聲大響，很突然，讓人猝不及防。
What Gives?
響從何來(lái)?
Counted in this category of shocking sounds is the accidental popping of a balloon or the forceful smashing of an air-filled paper bag. But why are these things so loud? It makes sense that the metal-on-metal clash of banging cymbals creates a racket, but air, paper and latex? What gives?
類似這種具有震撼力的響聲還有氣球突然爆裂或用力打破一個(gè)充滿空氣的紙袋時(shí)發(fā)出的聲響。但是，為什么這些東西會(huì)發(fā)出這么大響聲呢?像銅鈸那樣金屬間互相碰撞產(chǎn)生的響聲還講得通，但空氣、紙和橡膠怎么會(huì)發(fā)出這么大的響聲?是什么讓它們作響呢?
As most of us know from elementary school science class, sound travels in waves. More specifically, sound consists of waves of pressure transmitted through the air to the ears. When a sound wave hits the ear it signals a change in pressure to the inner ear. A sensitive instrument, the inner ear can detect minute changes in pressure and interprets these changes as sounds. So logically, the higher the change in pressure, the louder the sound.
我們從小學(xué)科學(xué)課上就學(xué)過(guò)，聲音是以波的形式傳播的。說(shuō)的具體些，由壓力波組成的聲音通過(guò)空氣傳到人耳。聲波撞擊人耳后會(huì)向內(nèi)耳發(fā)送一個(gè)壓力改變的信號(hào)。內(nèi)耳就像一部精密儀器，可以探測(cè)到壓力的微小變化并把這些變化轉(zhuǎn)換成聲音。因此，從邏輯上講，壓力變化越大，聲音就越大。
It’s All About Waves
一切都跟波有關(guān)
If we think about the air inside a balloon or paper bag as a large, contained pressure wave, then the puzzle begins to make sense. Both balloon and paper bag contain pressurized air pushing out against the sides.
如果我們把氣球或紙袋里的空氣想成一個(gè)巨大的充滿壓力波的容器，那么這個(gè)謎就可以解開(kāi)了。氣球和紙袋里都含有帶壓空氣，這些空氣向四周接觸面上施壓。
When the balloon pops or the bag is compressed, the pressurized air rushes out all at once in a powerful wave. Think of an ocean wave. The larger the wave, the more powerfully it crashes into the surf. When the highly pressurized wave from a popped balloon or bag hits the ear, the inner ear translates the sudden increase in pressure as a loud, ringing pop.
等到氣球破了，袋子癟了，帶壓氣體就立刻以強(qiáng)力波的形式向外沖出。這讓我們想到了海浪。波浪越大，拍岸就越有力。從氣球或袋子里沖出的高壓波撞擊到人耳時(shí)，內(nèi)耳就把這種突然升高的壓力轉(zhuǎn)換成一聲巨大、響亮的爆破聲。
Disturbed Elephants 不安的大象
Here’s a gruesome hypothetical: If you and your family were rounded up, and you were forced to watch as older relatives were killed, how would it affect you? Needless to say, you’d be horrified. You’d probably also be deeply disturbed for a long time afterwards. Maybe forever.
設(shè)想這樣一個(gè)可怕的場(chǎng)景：你和家人遭受圍捕，你被迫目睹長(zhǎng)輩被殺，這會(huì)對(duì)你產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，你嚇壞了。你可能會(huì)在之后的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)都深感不安，或許這種感覺(jué)會(huì)持續(xù)一生。
Regular Culling 常規(guī)獵殺
For some non human species, that grisly scenario is all too common. For instance, up until a few decades ago elephant populations were regularly culled. That is, family groups were herded into a tight space so that hunters could shoot and kill the older individuals. The practice was actually meant to help elephants, because park officials worried they’d grow too numerous and overrun the area.
對(duì)于除人以外的一些生物而言，這種可怕的場(chǎng)景是十分常見(jiàn)的。比如幾十年前，大象會(huì)經(jīng)常遭受屠殺，借此控制它們的種群數(shù)量。捕獵者會(huì)將整個(gè)大象家族趕入一個(gè)狹小的空間，并槍殺其中一些年老的大象。因?yàn)楣珗@管理員擔(dān)心大象數(shù)量的增多會(huì)超出園區(qū)的負(fù)載限度，所以這種獵殺大象的行為實(shí)際上是在幫助它們。
But research has shown that the surviving elephants are often deeply disturbed. One study found that elephants from a culled group had serious problems with social and other behaviors. For example, a group of orphaned male elephants killed more than one-hundred rhinoceroses over a decade — behavior that’s highly abnormal.
但是調(diào)查表明，那些在獵殺中幸存下來(lái)的大象常常會(huì)深感不安。一項(xiàng)研究顯示，這些幸存的大象在社交和其他行為方面會(huì)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。例如，一群失去親人的雄性大象在近十年中殺死了一百多頭犀牛。這是極端反常的行為。
Lose Elders, Lose Educators 失去長(zhǎng)輩即失去經(jīng)驗(yàn)
Another study found that culling survivors responded chaotically to elephant calls broadcast by scientists in a nearby jeep. The animals seemed at a loss — sometimes taking defensive measures, but not necessarily in response to calls from alien or more socially dominant females, as they normally would.
另一項(xiàng)研究顯示，當(dāng)科學(xué)家在那些幸存下來(lái)大象附近的一輛吉普車中播放大象的叫聲時(shí)，它們的回應(yīng)十分混亂。它們顯得茫然無(wú)措，有時(shí)還會(huì)采取防御措施。這并不像它們?cè)谡Ｇ闆r下回應(yīng)外來(lái)客或是族群中地位更高的母象所表現(xiàn)出的那樣。
Scientists speculate that’s because elephants typically learn these important behaviors from their elders. And when those elders are culled or poached, the younger elephants may not learn how to respond to potential threats. Elephants that don’t know how to defend themselves have less chance of surviving and reproducing. Although culling is no longer practiced, poaching is. And it may have similar effects.
科學(xué)家推測(cè)這是因?yàn)榇笙笸ǔ?huì)從長(zhǎng)輩身上學(xué)到這些重要的行為。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)輩遭受屠殺或偷獵后，年幼的小象在面臨潛在威脅時(shí)會(huì)顯得不知所措。不知道怎樣保護(hù)自己的大象，其幸存機(jī)率便會(huì)降低，繁殖能力也會(huì)減弱。盡管如今屠殺大象的行為已經(jīng)消失，但非法狩獵仍會(huì)產(chǎn)生類似的效果。