經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事
經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事
中國(guó)歷史上下五千年，在這悠長(zhǎng)的歷史長(zhǎng)河中，中國(guó)有著不少經(jīng)典的歷史故事值得后人思考。下面學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家?guī)?lái)經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事，歡迎大家閱讀!
經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事：名落孫山
In the Song Dynasty(960-1279) there was a joker called Sun Shan.
宋代有一個(gè)名叫孫山的才子，他為人幽默，很善于說(shuō)笑話(huà)，所以人稱(chēng)滑稽才子。
One year he went to take the imperial examination, and came bottom of the list of successful candidates. Back in his hometown, one of his neighbours asked him whether the neighbour's son had also passed. Sun Shan said, with a smile: "Sun Shan was the last on the list, your son came after Sun Shan."
一年，他和一個(gè)同鄉(xiāng)的兒子去京城參加舉人的考試。放榜的時(shí)候，孫山的名字雖然列在榜文的倒數(shù)第一名，但仍然是榜上有名，而他那位同鄉(xiāng)的兒子，卻沒(méi)能考上。不久，孫山先回到家里，同鄉(xiāng)便來(lái)問(wèn)他自己的兒子有沒(méi)有考取。孫山既不好意思直說(shuō)，又不便隱瞞，于是，就隨口念出兩句不成詩(shī)的詩(shī)句來(lái)：解元盡處是孫山，賢郎更在孫山外。解元，就是我國(guó)科舉制度所規(guī)定的舉人的第一名。而孫山在詩(shī)里所謂的解元，乃是泛指一般考取的舉人。他的意思是說(shuō)：舉人榜上的最后一名是我孫山，而令郎的名字卻還在我孫山的后面。
Later, people used this idiom to indicate failing in an examination or competition.
從此，人們便根據(jù)這個(gè)故事，把投考學(xué)?；騾⒓痈鞣N考試沒(méi)有被錄取叫做名落孫山。
經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事：破釜沉舟
During the late years of the Qi Dynasty(221-206BC), Xiang Yu led a rebellion. After crossing the Zhang River, Xiang Yu ordered his men to sink all their boats and break their cooking pots. He issued each soldier three days' rations(給養(yǎng)) and warned them that there was no way to retreat; the only thing they could do to survive was to advance and fight. After mine fierce battles, the Qin army was finally defeated.
This idiom is used to indicate one's firm determination to achieve one's goal at any cost.
秦朝末年，秦軍大將章邯攻打趙國(guó)。趙軍退守巨鹿(今河北平鄉(xiāng)西南)，并被秦軍重重包圍。楚懷王于是封宋義為上將軍，項(xiàng)羽為副將率軍救援趙國(guó)。
宋義引兵至安陽(yáng)(今山東曹縣東南)后，接連46天按兵不動(dòng)，對(duì)此項(xiàng)羽十分不満，于是要求進(jìn)軍決戰(zhàn)，解困趙國(guó)。但宋義卻希望秦趙兩軍交戰(zhàn)后待秦軍力竭之后才進(jìn)攻。
但此時(shí)軍中糧草缺乏士卒困頓，而宋義仍舊飲酒自顧，項(xiàng)羽見(jiàn)此忍無(wú)可忍，進(jìn)營(yíng)帳殺了宋義，并聲稱(chēng)他叛國(guó)反楚。于是將士們則擁項(xiàng)羽為上將軍。項(xiàng)羽殺宋義的事，威震楚國(guó)，名聞諸侯。
隨后，他率所有軍隊(duì)悉數(shù)渡黃河前去營(yíng)救趙國(guó)以解巨鹿之圍。項(xiàng)羽在全軍渡黃河之后他下令把所有的船只鑿沉，打破燒飯用的鍋，燒掉自己的營(yíng)房，只帶三天干糧，以此表決一死戰(zhàn)，沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)后退的打算。
正是這樣已無(wú)退路的大軍到了巨鹿外圍，并包圍了秦軍和截?cái)嗲剀娡饴?lián)的通道。楚軍戰(zhàn)士以一當(dāng)十，殺伐聲驚天動(dòng)地。經(jīng)過(guò)九次的激戰(zhàn)，楚軍最終大破秦軍。而前來(lái)增援的其他各路諸侯卻都因膽怯，不敢近前。楚軍的驍勇善戰(zhàn)大大提高了項(xiàng)羽的聲威。以至戰(zhàn)勝后，項(xiàng)羽于轅門(mén)接見(jiàn)各路諸侯時(shí)，各諸侯皆不敢正眼眼看項(xiàng)羽。
后來(lái)，“皆沉船，破釜甑”演化為成語(yǔ)“破釜沉舟”，以比喻拚死一戰(zhàn)，決心很大。
經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事：騎虎難下
Yang Jian was the regent(攝政王) of the last king of Northern Zhou(557-581). His wife advised him: "Northern Zhou is dying. Now it is as if you are riding on the back of a tiger. It will be dangerous to dismount(下馬，下車(chē)) . You can do nothing but continue." Yang Jian thought this quite reasonable. Later, he founded the Sui Dynasty, and united China once more.
This idom is used as a metaphor meaning that one is in a difficult situation and cannot help but ontinue to pursue one's sourse.
騎虎難下典故：晉朝時(shí)期，鎮(zhèn)守歷陽(yáng)的將領(lǐng)蘇峻和祖約以誅殺朝廷奸臣為名，率領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)進(jìn)入都城建康，把持了朝中大權(quán)。
江州刺史溫嶠(qiáo)聽(tīng)說(shuō)叛軍在都城作亂，立刻挺身而出，擁戴征西大將軍陶侃為盟主，起兵討伐叛軍。由于叛軍人多勢(shì)眾，陶侃接連吃了幾次敗仗，有些沉不住氣了，開(kāi)始埋怨溫嶠過(guò)高估計(jì)了自己的實(shí)力。溫嶠說(shuō)：“戰(zhàn)勝叛軍的關(guān)鍵在于隊(duì)伍的團(tuán)結(jié)，而不能是一盤(pán)散沙。 當(dāng)年劉秀救昆陽(yáng)，曹操戰(zhàn)官渡不都是團(tuán)結(jié)一致，以少勝多的典范嗎?叛軍只憑一時(shí)氣盛攻占了都城，他們利欲熏心，是一群烏合之眾，只要我們團(tuán)結(jié)努力，就一定能戰(zhàn)勝他們。現(xiàn)在國(guó)難當(dāng)頭，我們仗義討伐叛軍，順人心，合民意，決不能后退。這就好比騎在老虎身上，如果，不把它打死，怎么能半途從它身上跳下來(lái)呢?”
陶侃聽(tīng)了溫嶠的話(huà)，覺(jué)得很有道理，重新樹(shù)立了作戰(zhàn)信心。他和溫嶠仔細(xì)商議對(duì)策，從水陸兩路進(jìn)攻，終于打敗了叛軍。
騎虎難下意思：騎在老虎背上不能下來(lái)。比喻做一件事情繼續(xù)下去有困難，但情況又不允許中途停止，陷于進(jìn)退兩難的境地。
經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事：按圖索驥
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a man in the State of Qin whose name was Sun Yang. Sun Yang was very expert in looking at horses and judging their worth. Whatever the horse might be, he could tell whether it was good or bad at first sight. People called him Bo Le (Bo Le was the name of one of the celestial bodies and was fabled to be in charge of heavenly steeds), and he was often asked to appraise and select horses.
春秋時(shí)候，秦國(guó)有個(gè)叫孫陽(yáng)的人，擅長(zhǎng)相馬，無(wú)論什么樣的馬，他一眼就能分出優(yōu)劣。他常常被人請(qǐng)去識(shí)馬、選馬，人們都稱(chēng)他為伯樂(lè)(“伯樂(lè)”本是天上的星名，據(jù)說(shuō)負(fù)責(zé)管理天馬)。
One day, when Sun Yang was passing a place, an old horse pulling a cart loaded with salt suddenly neighed to him without stopping. He came near, and saw that it was a horse that really could cover a thousand Li a day, and that the only problem with it was that it was a little too old. The old horse was pulling the heavy cart with difficulties and hardships. Sun Yang felt acutely that the horse was really unjustly treated, for it might have been a fine steed galloping on the battlefield. It was a great pity that it was pulling the cart loaded with salt without attracting public attention, which had taken the edge off its spirit and consumed its energy. When he thought of this, he was so grieved that he shed tears.
有一次，孫陽(yáng)路過(guò)一個(gè)地方，忽見(jiàn)一匹拖著鹽車(chē)的老馬沖他叫個(gè)不停，走近一看，原來(lái)是匹千里馬，只是年齡稍大了點(diǎn)。老馬拉著車(chē)艱難地走著，孫陽(yáng)覺(jué)得太委屈了這匹千里馬，它本是可以奔跑于疆場(chǎng)，可以發(fā)揮更大作用的寶馬良駒，現(xiàn)在卻默默無(wú)聞地拖著鹽車(chē)，慢慢地消耗著它的銳氣和體力，實(shí)在可惜!孫陽(yáng)想到這里，難過(guò)得落下淚來(lái)。
In order to help more people learn how to appraise horses so that fine horses which could cover a thousand LI a day would no longer fall into oblivion, and also in order to ensure that his unique skill in judging horses would not be lost, Sun Yang worte a book entitled The Art of Looking at Horses and Judging Their Worth, based on his experiences and knowledge accumulated over the years. The book was also illustrated with the pictures of various horses.
為了讓更多的人學(xué)會(huì)相馬，使千里馬不再被埋沒(méi)，也為了自己一身絕技不至于失傳，孫陽(yáng)把自己多年積累的相馬經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)寫(xiě)成了一本書(shū)，配上各種馬的形態(tài)圖，書(shū)名叫《相馬經(jīng)》。
Sun Yang had a son who, after reading his father's The Art of Looking at Horses and Judging Their Worth, thought it was very esay to appraise horses. So he took the book with him to look for fine horses everywhere. At first he searched according to the pictures in the book, and accomplished nothing. Then he searched according to the characteristics of a toad fit very well the characteristics described in the book. So he happily took the toad back home, and said to his father, "Father, I have found a horse that can cover a thousand Li a day, only its hoofs are not good enough." Looking at the toad, Sun Yang did not know whether he should laugh or cry. Knowing that his son was stupid, Sun Yang said humourously. "It's a pity that this horse is too fond of jumping to pull a cart." Then he sighed, "That is just what we call looking for a steed with the aid of its picture."
孫陽(yáng)有個(gè)兒子，看了父親寫(xiě)的《相馬經(jīng)》，以為相馬很容易，就拿著這本書(shū)到處找好馬。他按照書(shū)上所繪的圖形去找，一無(wú)所獲。又按書(shū)中所寫(xiě)的特征去找，最后發(fā)現(xiàn)有一只癩蛤蟆很像書(shū)中寫(xiě)的千里馬的特征，便高興地把癩蛤蟆帶回家，對(duì)父親說(shuō)：“爸爸，我找到一匹千里馬，只是蹄子稍差些。”父親一看，哭笑不得，沒(méi)想到兒子竟如此愚笨，便幽默地說(shuō)：“可惜這馬太喜歡跳了，不能用來(lái)拉車(chē)。”接著感嘆道：“所謂按圖索驥也。”
Later, people have used the set phrase "look for a steed with the aid of its picture" to refer to handling affairs mechanically in the outmoded ways without being flexible. Somethimes it is also used to refer to trying to locate something by following up a clue. This set phrase originates in Lumbering in the Forest of Art written by Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
故事出自明朝楊慎的《藝林伐山》。成語(yǔ)“按圖索驥”，比喻機(jī)械地照老辦法辦事，不知變通;也比喻按照某種線(xiàn)索去尋找事物。
經(jīng)典中國(guó)歷史故事：如火如荼
In the years around 480 B.C.,China was in the last phase of the Spring and Autumn Period.Fu Chai,King of the State of Wu,conquered the states of Yue,Lu and Chi one after another.Then Fu Chai,overweeningly ambitious,led his army marching into the Northwest in an attempt to conquer the State of Jin in one vigorous effort.
春秋時(shí)代末期，吳國(guó)國(guó)王夫差連續(xù)征服了越國(guó)、魯國(guó)和齊國(guó)，雄心勃勃，又繼續(xù)向西北進(jìn)軍，打算一鼓作氣征服晉國(guó)。
But just at that time,Gou Jian,king of the State of Yue,outflanked Fu Chai and attacked him in the rear.Gou Jian's army fought one battle after another and arrived in Gu Su,capital of the State of Wu,at last,and took away the big boats of the State of Wu.Gou Jin also sent his troops to occupy the Huai River immediately,thus cutting off Fu Chai's retreat.
可正在這個(gè)時(shí)候，越王勾踐抄了吳王的后路。他帶領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)一直打到吳國(guó)的國(guó)都姑蘇(蘇州)，又派人馬占據(jù)淮河，把吳王的退路切斷了。
The shocking news reached Fu Chai,king of the State of Wu,like a head-on blow to him.So he called his civilian officials and military generals at once to find a way to deal with this serious situation.His civilian officials and military their troops now would mean defeat,and that they would be attacked by both the troops of the Jin army and the troops of the Yue army.But ,if they could defeat the State of Jin,Fu Chai would become a powerful chief of the princes at that time,and it would not be too late for Fu Chai to settle with Gou Jian after that.
這消息給吳王夫差當(dāng)頭潑了一盆冷水，他非常震驚，立即召集文臣武將商量對(duì)策。大家說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在退回去等于兩關(guān)打了敗仗，還會(huì)兩頭挨打;如果能打敗晉國(guó)，就等于在諸候國(guó)中當(dāng)定了霸主，再回去收拾越王勾踐也不算晚。
Having made this decision,they knew that a pressing matter of the moment was to conquer th State of Jin as quickly as possible.After considering over and over again,they decided to try to defeat the Jin army by a surprise move.
大主意已經(jīng)拿定，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是盡快征服晉國(guó)。考慮再三，決定出奇制勝。
One day towards evening,the king of the State of Wu gave his orders.The officers and men of the whole army ate their fill,and the steeds were well fed with fodder.30,000 officers and men were chosen from the whole army to from three phalanxes,with 10,000officers and men each.The solders in the middle phalanx wore white suits of armour,and carried white flags and white bows and arrows,and they were led by king of the State of Wu Fu Chai himself.The other two phalanxes were led by senior generals.The soldiers in the left phalanx wore red suits of armour,and carried red flags and red bows and arrows.The in dealing with the case,because the empress would certainly blame him and punish him.How could he solve the problem then? He turned the problem over and over in his mind, and finally thought out a "brilliant scheme".
一天傍晚，吳王下達(dá)了命令。全軍將士吃得飽飽的，馬也喂足了草料。從全軍中挑出三萬(wàn)精兵強(qiáng)將。每一萬(wàn)人擺成一個(gè)方陣，共擺三個(gè)方陣。每個(gè)方陣橫豎都是一百人。每一行排頭的都是軍官司。每十行，也就是一千人，由一個(gè)大夫負(fù)責(zé)。每項(xiàng)一個(gè)方陣由一名將軍率領(lǐng)。
Lai Junchen had a sumptuous feast prepared,and invited Zhou Xing to his home. The two of them urged each other to drink,and they talked while drinking.After the wine had gone round three times,I often come across prisoners who stubbournly refuse to admit they are guilty.I wonder if you have any effective measures. " Hearing this,Zhou Xing said,"Get a big vat,scorch it hot with charcoal fire all around,and then let the prisoner come into the vat.Will the prisoner fail to make a comfession of his crime?"Hearing this,LaiJunchen nodded his head in approval repeatedly.He then ordered his subordinates to bring a big vat ,and had a charcoal fire lit all around it as Zhou Xing had said.He then turned to Zhou Xing and said,"Someone in the rebellion.The empress has ordered me to deal with the case severely.So I beg your pardon,but would you kindly step into the soldiers in the right phalanx wore black suits of armour,and carried black flags and black bows and arrows.The whole army set out at midnight,and arrived at dawn at a place within a LI's distance of the Jin army.When the day was beginning to break,the soldiers of the Wu army began to berat the drums heavily and their shoutings resounded like rolls of thunder.
中間的方陣白盔白甲，白衣服，白旗幟，白弓箭，由吳王自己掌握，稱(chēng)為中軍;左邊的方陣，紅盔紅甲、紅衣服、紅簡(jiǎn)直就像深不可測(cè);右邊的方陣則一水兒黑色。半夜出發(fā)，黎明時(shí)分到達(dá)離晉軍僅有一里路的地方。天色剛剛顯出亮色，吳軍鼓聲大作，歡呼之聲震天動(dòng)工地。
Awakening from their dreams,the solders of the Jin army were almost stupefied by the imposing manner of the three phalanxes of the Wu army.The white phalanx was like a field covered with flowering rush,the red phalanx was like a burning fire,and the black phalanx was simply like a sea too deep to fathom.
晉軍從夢(mèng)中醒來(lái)，一看吳軍那三個(gè)方陣和聲威氣勢(shì)，簡(jiǎn)直都驚呆了：那白色方陣，“望之如荼”——像開(kāi)滿(mǎn)白花的茅草地;那紅色方陣，“望之如火”——如像熊熊燃燒的火焰;而那黑色的方陣，簡(jiǎn)直就象深不可測(cè)的大海。
This story comes from Comversations from the States.Later generations often use the set phrase "like fire and flowering rush"to refer to tremendous momentum.
故事出自《國(guó)語(yǔ)·吳語(yǔ)》。成語(yǔ)“如火如荼”，形容某種人群或事物陣容之大，氣勢(shì)之盛。
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