汪星人和喵星人到底誰聰明（雙語）

　　摘要：一直以來，“貓和狗哪個(gè)更好”這一問題將動(dòng)物愛好者劃分為兩大陣營(yíng)?，F(xiàn)在科學(xué)家已經(jīng)證實(shí)貓確實(shí)比狗更好——至少?gòu)倪M(jìn)化的角度來看是這樣。

　　It's the debate that has long divided animal lovers. Nowscientists have confirmed that cats really are better than dogs –at least from an evolutionary perspective.

　　一直以來，“貓和狗哪個(gè)更好”這一問題將動(dòng)物愛好者劃分為兩大陣營(yíng)?，F(xiàn)在科學(xué)家已經(jīng)證實(shí)貓確實(shí)比狗更好——至少?gòu)倪M(jìn)化的角度來看是這樣。

　　A groundbreaking study of 2,000 ancient fossils reveals thatfelids – the cat family – have historically been much better at surviving than the "canid" dog clan,and often at the latter’s expense.

　　一項(xiàng)對(duì)2000個(gè)古代化石進(jìn)行的開拓性研究揭示了從歷史上看，貓科動(dòng)物家族的生存能力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)強(qiáng)于犬科動(dòng)物家族，而且貓科動(dòng)物的生存是以犬科動(dòng)物的損耗為代價(jià)的。

　　The research finds that cats have played a significant role in making 40 dog species extinct,outcompeting them for scarce food supplies because they are generally more effective hunters.But researchers found no evidence that dogs have wiped out a single cat species.

汪星人和喵星人到底誰聰明

　　這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，貓科動(dòng)物在40個(gè)犬科物種的滅絕過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。由于貓科動(dòng)物通常是更有效率的捕獵者，在奪取供應(yīng)不足的食物的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中貓科動(dòng)物勝過了犬科動(dòng)物。但是研究人員沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何犬類動(dòng)物消滅掉一個(gè)貓科物種的證據(jù)。

　　The dog family – which includes the wolves from which today’s domesticated dogs are descended– originated in North America about 40 million years ago and reached a maximum diversityaround 20 million years later, when there were more than 30 species on the continent. At thatpoint, the cat family arrived from Asia.

　　犬科家族——包括現(xiàn)在的馴養(yǎng)狗的祖先狼——起源于約4000萬年前的北美洲，在大約2000萬年后達(dá)到了物種多樣性的巔峰，當(dāng)時(shí)在北美洲有超過30個(gè)犬類物種。與此同時(shí)，貓科動(dòng)物也從亞洲來到此地。

　　"The arrival of cats to North America had a deadly impact on the diversity of the dog family. Weusually expect changes in climate to play the overwhelming role in the evolution of species.Instead, competition among different carnivore species proved to be even more important for thedogs," said the report’s lead author, Dr Daniele Silvestro, of the University of Lausanne inSwitzerland.

　　這項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告的第一作者、瑞士洛桑大學(xué)(University of Lausanne)的達(dá)妮埃爾·西爾韋斯特羅(Dr. Daniele Silvestro)博士表示：“貓科動(dòng)物的到來給犬科動(dòng)物的物種多樣性造成致命打擊。我們通常預(yù)計(jì)氣候變化會(huì)在物種進(jìn)化過程中發(fā)揮最重要的作用。但對(duì)于犬科動(dòng)物來說，不同食肉動(dòng)物物種間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)被證明是更重要的。”

　　The influx of cats prompted a period of dramatic decline among the dog clan. This has left NorthAmerica with just nine species of wild dog today, comprising different variations of wolves andfoxes, according to the fossil analysis published in the journal PNAS.

　　貓科動(dòng)物的涌入導(dǎo)致犬科動(dòng)物數(shù)量在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)大幅下降。依據(jù)這項(xiàng)發(fā)表在美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊(PNAS)上的化石分析，這造成了如今北美洲僅存九個(gè)犬類物種，包括狼和狐貍的不同變種。

　　Dr Silvestro says it is unclear exactly why, when times were tough, the cats were able to see offdogs so comprehensively. But he believed it could be something to do with the retractable clawsthat ancient cats have passed down to their domesticated descendants, but which dogs don’thave.

　　西爾韋斯特羅博士稱，目前還不是十分清楚在當(dāng)時(shí)的艱難歲月，貓科動(dòng)物為什么能將犬科動(dòng)物“驅(qū)逐”得那么徹底。但是他認(rèn)為這可能跟古代貓科動(dòng)物伸縮自如的爪子有關(guān)，這是犬科動(dòng)物所不具有的。古代貓科動(dòng)物還將這種爪子遺傳給了自己的后裔家貓。

　　Millions of years ago, some dog species, such as wolves, were effective killing machines, chasingdown their prey at high speed and devouring it. All surviving dog species fall into this "runner"camp.

　　數(shù)百萬年前，某些犬科物種(比如說狼)是有效的殺戮機(jī)器，能以高速追捕獵物并吞食掉。所有幸存的犬科動(dòng)物都屬于“奔跑系獵手”陣營(yíng)。

　　But other dog species ambushed their prey in a manner similar to the cat family. However, thesedogs weren’t as good as the cats at this technique – and all the canid species who used it are nowextinct.

　　不過也有其他犬科動(dòng)物伏擊獵物的方式與貓科動(dòng)物相似。然而，這些犬類動(dòng)物并不像貓科動(dòng)物那樣擅長(zhǎng)這項(xiàng)技能——所有曾使用這項(xiàng)技能的犬科動(dòng)物現(xiàn)在都已經(jīng)滅絕了。

　　Dr Silvestro explained: “The cats have retractable claws which they only pull out when they catchtheir prey. This means they don’t wear them out and they can keep them sharp. But the dogscan't do this, so they are at a disadvantage to the cats in an ambush situation.”

　　西爾韋斯特羅博士解釋稱：“貓科動(dòng)物只有在抓到獵物時(shí)才會(huì)亮出它們可伸縮的爪子，這意味著它們不會(huì)磨損并能夠時(shí)刻保持鋒利，但是犬科動(dòng)物不能做到這一點(diǎn)。因此，同貓科動(dòng)物相比，它們?cè)诜鼡舴矫嫣幱诹觿?shì)。”

　　The evolutionary success of carnivorous animals is strongly linked to their ability to obtain food,meaning that there can be significant competition for prey when there is insufficient supply for thepopulation.

　　食肉動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化成功在很大程度上與它們獲取食物的能力有關(guān)，這也意味著當(dāng)食肉動(dòng)物的食物供應(yīng)不足時(shí)，獵物的爭(zhēng)奪將十分激烈。

　　"Felids must have been more efficient predators than most of the extinct species in the dogfamily," the report concluded.

　　該報(bào)告總結(jié)稱：“貓科動(dòng)物與那些滅絕了的犬科動(dòng)物相比一定是更有效的捕食者。”