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id="zuozhe" class="noshow">騰宇</em><em class="user_id noshow">1218</em>由 <em class="nickname"></em> 分享</span> <span id="tmyyfroktkho" class="fl arc_btn"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="y_ju"><script type="text/javascript">a("title");</script></div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="con_article con_main" id="contentText"> <p>少兒編程如何才能駛向新“藍(lán)?！?/p><p> 　　你家孩子學(xué)編程了嗎?</p><p> 　　近年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的家長(zhǎng)將未來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力作為孩子的重要培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)。少兒編程作為STEM(集科學(xué)、科技、工程、藝術(shù)與數(shù)學(xué)為一體)多學(xué)科綜合教育理念的具體體現(xiàn)，受到了機(jī)構(gòu)和家長(zhǎng)的歡迎。某咨詢(xún)機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布的《中國(guó)少兒編程行業(yè)研究報(bào)告》認(rèn)為，隨著未來(lái)政策利好、教育理念演化，少兒編程市場(chǎng)將在5年內(nèi)從目前的30億元至40億元的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大到300億元。在業(yè)內(nèi)，少兒編程被稱(chēng)為當(dāng)前教育培訓(xùn)市場(chǎng)的新“藍(lán)海”。</p><p> 　　這個(gè)暑假，除舞蹈、繪畫(huà)、樂(lè)器等傳統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)課程外，少兒編程課成了家長(zhǎng)的“新寵”。目前，家長(zhǎng)們?yōu)楹⒆訄?bào)名少兒編程培訓(xùn)的主要目的以思維訓(xùn)練和嘗鮮為主。不少專(zhuān)家表示，青少年學(xué)習(xí)編程裨益良多。</p><p> 　　少兒編程都學(xué)些什么?作為教育培訓(xùn)領(lǐng)域的新“藍(lán)?！?，行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀如何?少兒編程學(xué)習(xí)呈現(xiàn)了哪些趨勢(shì)和特點(diǎn)?近日，中國(guó)教育報(bào)記者走訪了多家教育培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，采訪了部分家長(zhǎng)和專(zhuān)家。</p><p><strong>　　課程豐富缺體系，教學(xué)生動(dòng)難評(píng)估</strong></p><p> 　　樂(lè)高機(jī)器人編程，空間構(gòu)建大顆粒、小顆粒，單片機(jī)，軟件編程……走訪中記者發(fā)現(xiàn)，國(guó)內(nèi)少兒編程課程種類(lèi)相對(duì)豐富，可以滿足3至18歲少年兒童不同層次的學(xué)習(xí)需求。為了滿足學(xué)生參加國(guó)內(nèi)外各種編程賽事的需求，不少機(jī)構(gòu)還開(kāi)設(shè)了專(zhuān)門(mén)的競(jìng)賽培訓(xùn)班。</p><p> 　　“我孫女很喜歡來(lái)這上課，她和同學(xué)、老師玩得很好?！痹诒本┪鞒悄成賰壕幊膛嘤?xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)里，等著接4歲孫女的趙大爺說(shuō)。曾參與撰寫(xiě)《中國(guó)少兒編程行業(yè)研究報(bào)告(2018)》的艾瑞咨詢(xún)分析師宓軼倩表示，目前少兒編程的課程內(nèi)容比較簡(jiǎn)單，“針對(duì)低齡孩子的課程內(nèi)容主要通過(guò)游戲進(jìn)行，娛樂(lè)性趣味性強(qiáng)”。</p><p> 　　課程體系不完善、學(xué)習(xí)效果評(píng)估體系缺乏一直是少兒編程培訓(xùn)廣受詬病的地方。北京師范大學(xué)新聞傳播學(xué)院教授、長(zhǎng)期從事計(jì)算傳播學(xué)研究的吳曄表示，低齡兒童學(xué)習(xí)編程的前提條件是，課程設(shè)置應(yīng)當(dāng)符合兒童認(rèn)知發(fā)育規(guī)律，而不是隨意設(shè)置課程。核桃編程創(chuàng)始人兼首席執(zhí)行官曾鵬軒表示：“很多企業(yè)直接照搬國(guó)外的少兒編程教材，但國(guó)外的課程體系并不完全適用于國(guó)內(nèi)青少年?！?/p><p> 　　此外，對(duì)少兒編程教學(xué)效果的評(píng)價(jià)體系尚未形成。今年，中國(guó)電子學(xué)會(huì)啟動(dòng)了全國(guó)青少年軟件編程等級(jí)考試項(xiàng)目，是首個(gè)在全國(guó)層面針對(duì)青少年機(jī)器人軟件編程能力水平的社會(huì)化評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目，項(xiàng)目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍需進(jìn)一步推廣。</p><p> 　　雖然培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)都在強(qiáng)調(diào)自己引入了諸如CSTA(國(guó)際主流計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn))等完善、規(guī)范、科學(xué)的評(píng)估體系，但曾鵬軒表示：“與傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)可以用考試成績(jī)等衡量學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果不同，少兒編程教育重在提升青少年的邏輯思維能力。思維能力的訓(xùn)練其實(shí)很難用明顯的教學(xué)成果來(lái)體現(xiàn)?！?/p><p><strong>　　師資少力量弱，一邊學(xué)一邊教</strong></p><p> 　　人才缺乏、師資力量弱是當(dāng)前少兒編程市場(chǎng)的另一特點(diǎn)。</p><p> 　　“做少兒編程教育對(duì)老師的要求不低。既需要懂編程，也需要了解少兒學(xué)習(xí)和認(rèn)知的規(guī)律，而現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是，懂少兒教育教學(xué)的不一定懂編程，懂編程的又大部分供職于薪資更高的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)?！痹i軒說(shuō)，“因此少兒編程師資短缺比較嚴(yán)重，而且地域分布很不均衡。”</p><p> 　　盡管多家機(jī)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的培訓(xùn)老師普遍具備計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)習(xí)背景，并且會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的崗前培訓(xùn)，但與快速擴(kuò)張的少兒編程培訓(xùn)市場(chǎng)相比，既掌握少兒教育教學(xué)知識(shí)又了解編程的老師仍舊稀缺。限于師資不足，經(jīng)過(guò)短暫培訓(xùn)后，一些機(jī)構(gòu)只能要求老師熟悉課件即可。“90%的老師都是新手。”深圳第二課堂機(jī)器人教育創(chuàng)始人曹勝標(biāo)在采訪中表示，在一些面向低齡兒童的、以玩為主的少兒編程課程中，老師自己一邊學(xué)習(xí)一邊教的現(xiàn)象比較普遍。</p><p> 　　目前，大多數(shù)少兒編程培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)盈利情況并不可觀，“整個(gè)少兒編程市場(chǎng)依然處于市場(chǎng)培育期，大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)都是燒錢(qián)在做?！辈軇贅?biāo)表示，“此外，機(jī)構(gòu)還得在銷(xiāo)售、場(chǎng)地、設(shè)備上進(jìn)行投入。”據(jù)了解，在此背景下，少兒編程培訓(xùn)老師的工資并不高。以線下少兒編程某頭部企業(yè)為例，在武漢招聘的少兒編程老師月薪為5000元;而另一家少兒編程的頭部企業(yè)深圳員工的月薪為8000元。</p><p><strong>　　越來(lái)越多的家長(zhǎng)孩子為功利目的而學(xué)</strong></p><p> 　　吳曄認(rèn)為，中小學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)編程意義重大，“這不僅是因?yàn)槲磥?lái)編程應(yīng)用廣泛，更因?yàn)橛?jì)算機(jī)思維是同數(shù)學(xué)思維、物理思維一樣重要的基礎(chǔ)思維能力”。北京市第十九中學(xué)學(xué)生發(fā)展處副處長(zhǎng)鄭予東在對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)編程的效果進(jìn)行觀察后，認(rèn)為“對(duì)孩子的邏輯思維訓(xùn)練確實(shí)很有幫助”。自2017年國(guó)家對(duì)普通高中課程大綱進(jìn)行改革，人工智能等內(nèi)容成為選擇性必修模塊后，該校的Python(一種編程語(yǔ)言)課已經(jīng)開(kāi)設(shè)了近兩年。</p><p> 　　在某機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)名單上的“學(xué)習(xí)目的”一欄，十幾位家長(zhǎng)中就有3人寫(xiě)下了“升學(xué)”。2018年，浙江省將編程(Python)納入高考七選三考查科目，北京、山東等也將編程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)納入高考新課標(biāo)內(nèi)容。當(dāng)下，不少中外名校更加看重學(xué)生STEM教育背景，對(duì)于信息學(xué)奧賽獲獎(jiǎng)選手開(kāi)啟錄取綠燈。</p><p> 　　多家少兒編程培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的老師也表示，近年來(lái)為孩子升學(xué)、留學(xué)來(lái)報(bào)名的家長(zhǎng)越來(lái)越多了，“小學(xué)高年級(jí)及以上的孩子來(lái)上課，更多出于升學(xué)的考慮”。</p><p> 　　雖然通過(guò)信息學(xué)競(jìng)賽夢(mèng)圓名校的依然是少數(shù)，但是對(duì)技術(shù)知識(shí)的焦慮以及培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)這種焦慮的捕捉、擴(kuò)大，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這種功利趨勢(shì)。</p><p> 　　記者發(fā)現(xiàn)，多家機(jī)構(gòu)的宣傳手冊(cè)都在顯著位置強(qiáng)調(diào)了學(xué)習(xí)編程對(duì)孩子考試、升學(xué)、就業(yè)帶來(lái)的優(yōu)勢(shì)?！皠e讓孩子輸了未來(lái)”“人機(jī)時(shí)代，必須讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)與機(jī)器對(duì)話”“參與國(guó)內(nèi)外賽事贏得中高考等升學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”“參加信息學(xué)奧賽，低分也有機(jī)會(huì)上名?！?hellip;…這些言說(shuō)具體利好的宣傳招徠向家長(zhǎng)們揮舞著熱情之手。</p><p> 　　從目前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來(lái)看，不少專(zhuān)家擔(dān)憂，隨著編程知識(shí)被廣泛納入評(píng)價(jià)體系，編程學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)過(guò)分的熱度，成為壓在孩子身上的新負(fù)擔(dān)?！斑@和鼓勵(lì)全民參與奧數(shù)一樣，是極其不合適的。偏離了培養(yǎng)編程思維這一基礎(chǔ)能力的初衷?！眳菚媳硎?，“興趣學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)當(dāng)是第一位的，不應(yīng)將編程學(xué)習(xí)變成學(xué)生的壓力和包袱?！?/p><p><strong>　　少兒編程如何真正“走向未來(lái)”</strong></p><p> 　　為應(yīng)對(duì)即將到來(lái)的人工智能時(shí)代所帶來(lái)的巨大挑戰(zhàn)，近年來(lái)，國(guó)家大力推動(dòng)人工智能教育發(fā)展，先后出臺(tái)了《新一代人工智能發(fā)展規(guī)劃》《促進(jìn)新一代人工智能產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2018—2020年)》《高等學(xué)校人工智能創(chuàng)新行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》等重要文件。整體上形成了人工智能教育從發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)先行試點(diǎn)再到全國(guó)逐步推廣、從高等教育先行再到義務(wù)教育逐漸普及的格局。</p><p> 　　業(yè)內(nèi)人士預(yù)測(cè)，少兒編程市場(chǎng)將在5年內(nèi)從目前的30億元至40億元的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大到300億元。相比美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，中國(guó)的少兒編程市場(chǎng)還未爆發(fā)。以專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)少兒的編程語(yǔ)言Scratch為例，在美國(guó)，這一市場(chǎng)的滲透率達(dá)到了44.8%，而中國(guó)僅為0.96%。</p><p> 　　“少兒編程還是一個(gè)規(guī)模很小的教育細(xì)分市場(chǎng)，還處在探索發(fā)展的階段，在外界認(rèn)知、政策監(jiān)管和行業(yè)規(guī)范上都還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走?！卞递W倩說(shuō)。不同于少兒英語(yǔ)、少兒美術(shù)等已經(jīng)有穩(wěn)定共識(shí)的素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)，很多家長(zhǎng)其實(shí)并不了解少兒編程。“少兒編程該不該學(xué)?幾歲學(xué)?去哪個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)?對(duì)于少兒編程，家長(zhǎng)們的認(rèn)識(shí)其實(shí)很模糊”。</p><p> 　　面對(duì)學(xué)齡前兒童學(xué)習(xí)編程是否過(guò)早這一關(guān)鍵爭(zhēng)議，某少兒編程機(jī)構(gòu)的楊老師表示，“教育的基準(zhǔn)線一直在上升，這并不超前。咱們30多歲才可能接觸的東西，現(xiàn)在的小孩10歲或者更小就會(huì)了?！眳菚弦脖硎荆瑢W(xué)齡前兒童學(xué)習(xí)編程并不算早，“什么時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)‘1234’ ‘ABCD’，什么時(shí)候就可以學(xué)習(xí)編程。”不過(guò)他表示：“這有重要的前提條件，那就是課程學(xué)習(xí)必須符合兒童的認(rèn)知發(fā)育規(guī)律，這在當(dāng)下其實(shí)是很難做到的?！?/p><p> 　　面對(duì)當(dāng)前局部熱度攀升的少兒編程市場(chǎng)，專(zhuān)家呼吁，要給予更多的耐心、時(shí)間和規(guī)范管理?！斑@一市場(chǎng)畢竟還很‘幼小’，存在很多不規(guī)范的地方，需要給它時(shí)間成長(zhǎng)，也需要給政府更多的時(shí)間去規(guī)范?！卞递W倩表示。</p><hr /><p> 相關(guān)文章：</p><p> 1.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/fwn/lingdaojianghua/xuexiao/4185981.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/fwn/lingdaojianghua/xuexiao/4185981.html" target="_blank">校長(zhǎng)畢業(yè)典禮經(jīng)典致辭</a></p><p> 2.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/zixun/jiaoyu/c64544.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/zixun/jiaoyu/c64544.html" target="_blank">靶向整治校外線上培訓(xùn)亂象:鼓勵(lì)綜合素質(zhì)類(lèi)培訓(xùn)</a></p><p> 3.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/fangfa/xuexiguilv/3660761.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/fangfa/xuexiguilv/3660761.html" target="_blank">電腦編程怎么學(xué)習(xí)</a></p><p> 4.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/fangfa/xuexiguilv/3661343.html" href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/fangfa/xuexiguilv/3661343.html" target="_blank">對(duì)于三歲孩子不愛(ài)學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該怎么辦</a></p><p> 5.<a _href="http://m.rzpgrj.com/naoli/luojisiwei/67899.html" 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