托福寫作有哪些技巧及注意事項(xiàng)
托福寫作答案沒(méi)有唯一性，這對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)有利也有弊;然而關(guān)于如何備考呢?下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福寫作有哪些技巧及注意事項(xiàng)。
托福寫作有哪些技巧及注意事項(xiàng)
1. 首先用三分鐘時(shí)間閱讀一篇學(xué)術(shù)式短文。
2. 然后再聽(tīng)一段相同主題的講演。
3. 最后用二十分鐘寫一篇針對(duì)短文和講演的總結(jié)性文章，一般要求二百個(gè)字左右。
舉一具體的例子，先有一篇美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)短文，再聽(tīng)一段關(guān)于獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的講演。然后要求“Summarizing the information provided in the passage and the lecture, describe the important features of the Civil War”.
我們?cè)诿鎸?duì)這種新型的寫作考試時(shí)，一定要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1. 無(wú)論是在閱讀短文還是聆聽(tīng)講演，都必須要做筆記(新托?？荚嚨娜^(guò)程都允許做筆記)。
2. 短文與講演雖然是同一主題，但內(nèi)容一定有所不同，甚至觀點(diǎn)相左。
3. 作文中總結(jié)短文和講演的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，不要僅僅把所看到的和所聽(tīng)到的簡(jiǎn)單地復(fù)制。而是盡可能地使用自身語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)，比如使用同義詞，改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)等。這樣不但可以顯示應(yīng)試者對(duì)短文和講演的理解程度，而且也展現(xiàn)應(yīng)用英文的能力。
4. 盡量完整地總結(jié)出短文和講演中的主要信息，并進(jìn)行綜合。如有必要，還要將短文和講演中的不同觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。
5. 除非專門要求，不要發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)，只是進(jìn)行客觀的總結(jié)。這一點(diǎn)與獨(dú)立型的作文恰恰相反。
盡管托福綜合型寫作對(duì)我們提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)，但是我們只要掌握它的要求和應(yīng)對(duì)方法，通過(guò)一定的培訓(xùn)和練習(xí)，就一定可以攻克它。
托福寫作考前和考中的備考策略
獨(dú)立寫作部分
考試前
寫作題庫(kù)，練習(xí)得越多，這一部分越容易獲得滿分。而且第一部分的成績(jī)?nèi)绻吡?，那么即便第二部分成?jī)稍微低一點(diǎn)，最終的平均分也不會(huì)太低。如果考生想在第一部分獲得高分，首先要做的就是熟悉作文考試可能涉及到的話題，反復(fù)閱讀若干遍，以熟悉所有話題。
考試中
要求與綜合寫作一樣。另補(bǔ)兩點(diǎn)：
1.仔細(xì)閱讀問(wèn)題，一定要答為所問(wèn)。在開(kāi)始寫作之間，一定要花點(diǎn)時(shí)間理解問(wèn)題，明確要求你做的是什么。
2.寫任何概括性句子，都要提供論據(jù)支持。對(duì)任何概括性句子，你都應(yīng)舉出例子、原因、事實(shí)或個(gè)人信息予以支持。
綜合寫作部分
考試前
1.熟悉指令。
每場(chǎng)考試的指令都是相同的，因此考試時(shí)沒(méi)有必要花時(shí)間仔細(xì)閱讀指令?？荚囍?，你一定要對(duì)考試指令嫻熟在心。
2.迅速提高記筆記的能力。
在托福寫作綜合部分中，考生必須能夠準(zhǔn)確復(fù)述Lecture中的主要信息以及它們間的邏輯聯(lián)系，因此，速記的能力就很重要了。學(xué)習(xí)并熟悉一些簡(jiǎn)單的速記技巧會(huì)使考生在考場(chǎng)上獲得更多的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。不要嘗試逐字逐句地記錄，在不影響記憶情況下，單詞可以采取縮寫。用各種符號(hào)去表達(dá)文章的邏輯關(guān)系。
考試中
1.利用過(guò)渡詞使你的回答連貫。
如果能顯示出回答的觀點(diǎn)是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，你的回答就更易被讀懂、理解。
2.指令一出來(lái)就立刻跳過(guò)。
你對(duì)指令應(yīng)該已很熟悉，因此只要指令一出現(xiàn)就立刻用鼠標(biāo)點(diǎn)Continue，將你的時(shí)間省下來(lái)用在答題上。如果綜合寫作任務(wù)的內(nèi)容你并不熟悉，不要擔(dān)心。所有你需要回答的信息都包含在段落里?；卮疬@些問(wèn)題不需要有任何背景知識(shí)。
3.堅(jiān)持使用你所知道的詞匯、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
這時(shí)不是你嘗試新詞匯、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的時(shí)候。注意顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上標(biāo)題欄內(nèi)的時(shí)間。該標(biāo)題欄顯示本節(jié)考試所余時(shí)間、本節(jié)問(wèn)題的總數(shù)、你所做問(wèn)題的總數(shù)。
4.仔細(xì)地閱讀材料。
你只有有限的閱讀時(shí)間。閱讀段落時(shí)，仔細(xì)記筆記。注意主要觀點(diǎn)和主要的支持信息。不要寫下你讀到的所有內(nèi)容。不要寫下太多不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。
5.仔細(xì)聽(tīng)。
每段你只能聽(tīng)一次?？荚嚂r(shí)你不能重復(fù)這些段落。邊聽(tīng)邊仔細(xì)記筆記。不要寫下你聽(tīng)到的所有內(nèi)容。不要寫下太多不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。主要要記下所聽(tīng)材料的要點(diǎn)即可。
6.組織自己的回答。
回答應(yīng)包括說(shuō)明閱讀段落和聽(tīng)力段落之間關(guān)系的主題句、支持主題句的重要材料、關(guān)于閱讀材料的一個(gè)段落、關(guān)于聽(tīng)力材料的一個(gè)段落。
在寫完作文的時(shí)候，一定要記得留3-5分鐘來(lái)檢查自己的句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法使用及單詞的拼寫等問(wèn)題，這樣才能保證得到更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。
托福寫作的結(jié)尾方法探究
托福考試寫作結(jié)尾段有那些構(gòu)成要素呢?
1. 再次陳述主題。用 paraphrase 方式再次呈現(xiàn)主題陳述中出現(xiàn)的三要素: a.問(wèn)題中存在爭(zhēng)議的地方; b.觀點(diǎn);c.理由。
2. 結(jié)束句。放在陳述完主題之后。
托福寫作輔導(dǎo)提出結(jié)尾段結(jié)束句的三種常見(jiàn)寫法：
一. 托福作文的最后總結(jié)教訓(xùn)或提出建議
In conclusion, whether to imitate or vary from others to achieve success, it hinges mostly on the occupations we engage in. For jobs like doctors that require routine practices, it is unnecessary for them to make alterations to become successful. Whereas artists like painters whose works are characteristic of creativity and imagination, it is of crucial importance to distinguish from others to succeed.
二. 提出令人憂慮的結(jié)果或可能出現(xiàn)的負(fù)面結(jié)果
假設(shè)讀者沒(méi)有想作者說(shuō)的那樣去做，在結(jié)論中提出將會(huì)出現(xiàn)的負(fù)面結(jié)果，幫助讀者預(yù)見(jiàn)到令人憂慮的后果，進(jìn)而令讀者自然第接受作者的意見(jiàn)。
e.g., To summarize, on one hand, for artists who are fortunate to profit immensely from their occupation, it is unnecessary for the government to offer additional financial incentives for them. On the other hand, government should provide financial support and appropriate policies to impoverished artists who engage in conventional craftsmanship because these are viewed as national treasure and cultural heritage of the country. If the government did not support those unfortunate traditional artists, the valuable conventional forms of arts would disappear very soon.
三. 提出問(wèn)題留待讀者思考
In conclusion, it is inevitable for children to commit mistakes at a young age, parents should play their part to instill the importance of good behaviors in their children. Parents should allow children to make small mistakes as a meaningful learning experience. However, what would be like if parents permit their children to commit serious mistakes like theft and robbery?
結(jié)尾段常用表達(dá)方式：
Finally, thus, in a word, in brief;
In conclusion, to conclude, in the end;
In the final analysis, in a nutshell, on the whole;
To summarize, to encapsulate, in sum, in summary
In light of these facts, considering these ideas
托福寫作范文：老年人也應(yīng)該和年輕人一樣學(xué)習(xí)新事物
托福獨(dú)立寫作題目 Independent Writing:
It is as important for older people to study or learn new things as it is for younger people.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文
As people age, they tend to become more and more set in their ways. When we are young it is easy to revise our beliefs and adopt new perspectives, but over time, our thinking slowly becomes rigid. But just because this phenomenon is the norm doesn't mean that it's ideal. There are some advantages to more rigid thinking, but I think it's a good idea for old people to continue acquiring new knowledge.
For one thing, an increasing number of medical studies show that staying mentally active can help prevent dementia and Alzheimer's disease. When you keep your brain engaged, you can build reinforce the connections between brain cells or perhaps even create new ones. This is possibly why Alzheimer's occurs less in populations with higher levels of education. Thus, in order to live a longer and healthier life, it is recommended that elderly individuals continue to pursue cerebral activities like learning new things. Learning has tangible health rewards.
For another thing, continuing to acquire new knowledge will keep elderly individuals emotionally present and connected to the world. When people enter the later stages of their lives, they tend to stop adapting to societal development. Changes in society can seem to come swiftly and without warning, and upon feeling overwhelmed by the sudden alienness of the world around them, many will choose to retreat into their minds to live in simpler, more familiar times. These individuals stop trying to learn to use new technologies or grasp new ways of interacting, and so they become out of touch with those around them. A grandfather unwilling to use Skype to communicate with his grandchildren on the other side of the world, for example, will live a more emotionally impoverished life. So by continuing to acquire new knowledge, elderly individuals can better maintain their connections to others.
Granted, non-stop learning can be tiring and time consuming. There is a prevailing belief that old age is the time to relax and let go of such potentially stressful endeavors, and that the consequences of putting learning on hold are acceptable and even inevitable for old people. I can sympathize with this view—after a lifetime of exertion, people deserve to finally kick back—but in the end, I think that continued learning will lead to an overall increase in the quality of life for elderly individuals. Learning will require some exertion, but how enjoyable will life be if you're too senile or out-of-touch with loved ones to appreciate it? In the end, keeping your brain active will ensure that you can enjoy the time you have left to the fullest.
People generally accept that the older we get, the less new knowledge we acquire. People also generally accept that older people inevitably mentally degenerate and lose touch with society. If we do not relinquish the pursuit of knowledge in old age, however, then we do not have to resign ourselves to senility and alienation.
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