雅思寫(xiě)作技巧：用高級(jí)語(yǔ)法解決兩大偏差
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雅思寫(xiě)作技巧：用高級(jí)語(yǔ)法解決兩大偏差
偏差一：萬(wàn)能的寫(xiě)作模板，請(qǐng)賜給我戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝的力量!
在高級(jí)語(yǔ)法的課堂上我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)非常有趣的現(xiàn)象。備考期間，許多烤鴨都會(huì)捧著一本雅思寫(xiě)作書(shū)，開(kāi)始樂(lè)此不疲地背寫(xiě)作模板，而且經(jīng)常是不明就里、囫圇吞棗地背。關(guān)于使用寫(xiě)作模板的利弊，筆者并不想在此進(jìn)行探究，只想建議那些正在背寫(xiě)作模板的烤鴨們，一定要先分析模板的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)再行記憶。例如，TASK2首段引出作者觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，有一個(gè)模板句型"I cannot oppose the opinion that+觀點(diǎn)"可以套用。該句型用cannot 與oppose的雙重否定加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，同時(shí)oppose與opinion都以"o"開(kāi)頭，再次起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。然而，疏于對(duì)模板語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，許多烤鴨在背誦時(shí)只記得雙重否定和相同詞頭"o"，卻忽視了這句話本身是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，經(jīng)常將此句誤寫(xiě)成I cannot opposite the opinion that...造成謂語(yǔ)詞性不當(dāng)。還是引出觀點(diǎn)，有一個(gè)雙重否定句型"No one can deny the fact that+觀點(diǎn)"也可套用。可學(xué)生們光顧著背句型，卻不知道that之后引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，故而在補(bǔ)充觀點(diǎn)時(shí)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)句子成分殘缺等語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)于寫(xiě)作模板，筆者并不反對(duì)使用，但需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，既然選擇使用，就一定用到位。將模版分解，確定每個(gè)句型內(nèi)含的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，才能避免依葫蘆畫(huà)瓢又畫(huà)得四不像的尷尬境地。
偏差二：深?yuàn)W的長(zhǎng)難句，我語(yǔ)不驚人死不休!
以上說(shuō)的是一些雅思小白們盲目背誦寫(xiě)作模板，忽視高級(jí)語(yǔ)法分析而造成的失誤，這里筆者將要闡述部分語(yǔ)法大牛們可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。為了讓他們的文章能夠奪人眼球，這些大牛們往往挖空心思使用各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，往文章里砸長(zhǎng)難句。一句話由四五個(gè)小句構(gòu)成，看著都讓人冷汗直淌，更別說(shuō)是理解文意了。而且，在考場(chǎng)的高壓環(huán)境下，長(zhǎng)難句越多，就越有可能出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，最后反而得不償失。事實(shí)上，利用語(yǔ)法將文章"裝飾"得impressive絕對(duì)可行，但并不是瘋狂使用長(zhǎng)難句，而是用語(yǔ)法豐富文章句型，進(jìn)而讓整篇文章看上去干練而輕巧。以《劍八》TEST1 TASK1考官給出的范文為例(《劍八》P.162)，短短150字的文章，光是數(shù)字列舉，就運(yùn)用了四種手法。第一種是直接用簡(jiǎn)單句進(jìn)行列舉，如A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation of crops. 第二種是用with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation. 第三種是用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. 第四種則直接在括號(hào)中注明，如North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation (3.3%) and, to lesser extent, over-grazing (1.5%). 再比如雅思有一個(gè)經(jīng)典作文題：Should capital punishment be a major deterrent to crime(死刑能震懾犯罪嗎)? 許多烤鴨在寫(xiě)此文章時(shí)都會(huì)提到這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，事實(shí)證明社會(huì)關(guān)注應(yīng)該放在罪犯改造上，而非罪犯懲戒上。僅表述前半句話，運(yùn)用不同的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，就能寫(xiě)出不同的句型。如主語(yǔ)從句，It is proved that emphasis should be placed on the reform of criminals. 賓語(yǔ)從句，Cases have shown that emphasis should be placed on the reform of criminals. 同位語(yǔ)從句，There is much evidence that emphasis should be placed on the reform of criminals. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句， It is the reform of criminals that emphasis should be placed on. 由此可見(jiàn)，熟練掌握語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，能夠幫助烤鴨們靈活表達(dá)文章觀點(diǎn)。句式多樣，寫(xiě)作分?jǐn)?shù)自然有所提高。
總之，準(zhǔn)確使用語(yǔ)法是叩開(kāi)雅思寫(xiě)作高分之門(mén)的關(guān)鍵。不僅僅是雅思，其它國(guó)外考試，如托福、GRE等也是如此。遺憾的是，現(xiàn)在各大培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的國(guó)外考試輔導(dǎo)，都是以聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)分板塊進(jìn)行，考生們很難接受系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)不夠自信的同學(xué)，不妨嘗試參加綜合能力部綜合能力拔高及語(yǔ)法單項(xiàng)的學(xué)習(xí)，在這里，老師們重視培養(yǎng)同學(xué)們的"語(yǔ)法應(yīng)用能力"，并將語(yǔ)法與考試真題相結(jié)合，先明白了原理再來(lái)使用，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生們進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)。Please remember grammar is basic to English.
雅思寫(xiě)作范文：大量空運(yùn)水果蔬菜的利弊
Air transport is increasingly used to export types of fruits and vegetables to countries where those plants can’t grow or out of season. Some say it is a good thing, but others consider this use of air transport can’t be justified. Discuss both views and give your own opinion
Air transport is commonly used to move fruits and vegetables to places where those farm products can’t grow or are out of season. The benefits of such business are obvious, but air transport also creates a number of problems.
Transport of fruits and vegetables by air enables consumers to enjoy a wider variety of fresh and in-season farm products from all over the world. Not only is air transport good for consumers, it is also a blessing for farmers because the market is no longer restricted by regions. As a result, air transport increases the sale volume by selling more products in more places.
Moreover, air transport of food has now become a major resource of incomes for air companies. In the past, air companies’ business mainly came from serving passengers. However, facing an increasingly tough market, air companies need to expand their share of market to serve a wider range of customers in order to stay in the game and make a profit. With a booming economy and more money to spend, people create a great potential for food transport business and good margin for air companies.
In spite of such benefits, air transport is not free of problems. One major issue is high cost. Air transport is probably the most expensive way of transport. Higher costs entail high prices, which in turn deprive people with less money the opportunities to enjoy such privileges. So air transported food is now for the rich, a fact that is unfair for poor people.
In addition, it is not the best option to solve problems by transporting food from outside for places where certain kinds of fruits does not grow. The most optimal way, it seems to me, is that we should change the environment required by such plants using scientific and biological methods such as creating suitable soil and temperature. Such solutions will be proven to be ultimately cost-effective and fundamental.
More importantly, research indicates that air transport pollutes the environment. For example, Britain transports half its food by air. However one kilo New Zealand fruit emits five kilo warm house gas on its way to destination. Therefore, some environmental groups and books advocate people to distinguish local fruit and air-transported fruit in an effort to cut the pollution from food consumption.
In conclusion, air transport has many benefits for consumers and farmers, but it also has problems such as high cost and pollution. More effective and environmental friendly solution should be found to address such problems.
雅思寫(xiě)作范文：醫(yī)院服務(wù)與病人的康復(fù)
[題目]You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Present a written argument or case to an educated non-specialist audience on the following topic.
A number of different medical traditions are now widely known and used: Western medicine (using drugs and surgery), herbal medicine, acupuncture (using needles at certain points of the body), homoeopathy (using minute doses of poisons), and so on. How important is the patient’s mental attitude towards his/her treatment in determining the effectiveness of the treatment?
You should write at least 250 words.
You should you your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
[提示]
你可以按照下面的提綱寫(xiě)作：
Different medical traditions (a list of examples is given)
Patient’s mental attitude: the way the patient feels about the treatment
Effectiveness of the treatment: how much better does it make the patient?
在寫(xiě)作之前，請(qǐng)問(wèn)自己以下的問(wèn)題：
Do I think the patient’s attitude is important?
What examples can I give where the patient’s attitude was important, or irrelevant?
在文章中你必須：
Describe some of the different ways people feel about medical treatment (hopeful, hopeless, trusting, skeptical...).
Say if in your opinion the feelings affect the treatment or not.
Give examples to support your argument about why the treatments were effective or ineffective.
[范文](在閱讀此范文之前你至少已經(jīng)花了一些時(shí)間寫(xiě)作)
A wide range of medical treatments is available today. Patients may wonder which will be the most effective, and whether their own mental attitude to the type of treatment might affect its success. This essay will consider the second of these questions. - Topic words used. Task of essay explained.
Many people visit their doctor or go to hospital with complete trust in the expert care offered by conventional services. However, some people do not get a satisfactory result. For example, the drugs they are prescribed may have unpleasant side-effects. Their initial positive attitude towards their treatment does them little good. - Idea in both paragraphs: that people may not get what they expect; with examples.
Similarly, those patients who trustfully choose alternative treatments over traditional medicine may find themselves disillusioned. Less rigorous qualification standards among alternative practitioners may mean that some healers give ineffective or damaging advice. The result, again, is that a patient who entered treatment with confidence leaves that treatment disillusioned.
On the other hand, patients may try a style of treatment with some skepticism. A person used to conventional medicines and drugs may be suspicious of treatments based on diet and lifestyle changes. Yet if they follow such programs, they may in fact notice improvements in their conditions, in spite of their skepticism. Equally, a patient opposed to conventional medicine may have an accident and be saved by the effective treatment of conventional emergency services. - Idea: that something you don’t like can still help you.
In conclusion, it appears that the mental attitude of the patient is not the most significant factor in determining the outcome of the treatment. Patients who enter treatment confidently may leave disillusioned while those who begin treatment skeptical of the results may find themselves surprised with what they have gained. Patients should seek the advantages which each style of care can offer. - Main argument of essay is stated.
Remember: this sample answer is one of several satisfactory ways to answer the question. Other essays which respond to the writing task would also be acceptable.
Source: Prepare for IELTS, by Vanessa Todd & Penny Cameron, 1996, UTS, Australia. For non-profit educational use only.
雅思寫(xiě)作范文：控制小孩的犯罪天性
有些人認(rèn)為犯罪是人的天性，而有些人認(rèn)為我們可以在小孩小的時(shí)候停止他們的這種傾向，你有什么看法?
Crimes undermine human society. Reasons for committing a crime are varied and complex, so we could not say that violation of law is just human nature and that people’s tendency to break the law could be stopped when they are young.
We are still not sure what causes people to commit a crime. The reason seems to be clear in cases in which a thief steals money to make a living or buy things normally unaffordable. Many thieves, when caught and interviewed, reveal that they come from poor families and have very little education. Therefore we could establish a relation between less privileged family background and low level of education. Many people used to believe that parents could teach their children the harms of wrongdoing by showing them the consequences of such action and the obligation of complying with social norms. Such method works for most children who are aware of what they are doing and what would happen from their action. But we also learn from news or other sources that many high-level officials take bribes or abuse power for their own benefit. Such people with high income and good education clearly know what they are doing and the possible consequences. Such crimes would not have happened if tendency to commit crimes could be stopped when people were young.
Moreover, we know that people tend to act for their own benefit, but we do not know if this is due to human nature or other causes such as ideas learned later in life. If it is human nature, people live in faraway places without much education would commit crimes at a higher rate than people with schooling in cities. By contrast, people in remote places are more honest and kind, and the crime rate is significantly lower than that in city. From such evidence, we could not conclude that the above assertion is true.
While we continue to explore what causes crime and how to prevent it, we need to bear in mind that it is far more complex than we normally think. Accordingly, measures for crime prevention should also be multidimensional.
To sum up, the conclusion that it is human nature to commit crime and that people’s tendency to break the law could be stopped when they are young is not well supported. People become criminals for many reasons and we should adopt more effective methods for crime prevention.
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雅思寫(xiě)作技巧：用高級(jí)語(yǔ)法解決兩大偏差
