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托福TPO9閱讀文本：Part3

　　The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

　　When the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.

　　Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

　　Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.

　　Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.

　　Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.

　　By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.

　　Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

托福TPO9閱讀題目：Part3

　　1. The phrase "at random" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○finally

　　○over a long period of time

　　○successfully

　　○without a definite pattern

　　2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?

　　○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.

　　○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.

　　○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.

　　○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.

　　3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island communities.

　　○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island environments.

　　○The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.

　　○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.

　　Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plantspropagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.

　　4. The word "abundantly" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ occasionally

　　○ plentifully

　　○ usefully

　　○ fortunately

　　5. The word "propagate" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ multiply

　　○ emerge

　　○ live

　　○ evolve

　　6. According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in the development of plant life on Hawaii?

　　○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable soil.

　　○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by lichens.

　　○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the same rocky environments.

　　○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic areas.

　　Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. Thiswas a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.

　　7. The word "This" in the passage refers to

　　○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii

　　○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands

　　○the evolution of ferns

　　○the development of plants that produce seeds

　　8. According to paragraph 4, why do seeds have a greater chance of survival than spores do? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer choices.

　　○Seeds need less water to grow into a mature plant than spores do.

　　○Seeds do not need to rely on outside sources of nutrients.

　　○Seeds are better protected from environmental dangers than spores are.

　　○Seeds are heavier than spores and are therefore more likely to take root and grow.

　　9. Why does the author mention "a nut", "a peach", and "a cherry"?

　　○To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than others

　　○To point out that many angiosperms can be eaten

　　○To provide examples of blooming plants

　　○To illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds

　　10. The word "dormant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○hidden

　　○inactive

　　○underground

　　○preserved

　　Paragraph5: Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.

　　11. According to paragraph 5, a major reason that coconuts can establish themselves in distant locations is that their seeds can

　　○survive long exposure to heat on island beaches

　　○float and survive for long periods in ocean water

　　○use saltwater for maintenance and growth

　　○maintain hard, protective coats even after growing roots

　　12. According to the passage, which of the following characteristics do spores and seeds have in common?

　　○They may be surrounded by several layers of covering.

　　○They are produced by flowering plants.

　　○They may be spread by wind.

　　○They are able to grow in barren soils.

　　Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. ■These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate.

　　Where could the sentence best fit?

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant life.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answers Choices

　　○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of photosynthesis.

　　○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.

　　○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growth of spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.

　　○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.

　　○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and growth.

　　○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds' ability to survive and to move to different areas

托福TPO9閱讀答案：Part3

　　參考答案：

　　1. ○4

　　2. ○1

　　3. ○3

　　4. ○2

　　5. ○1

　　6. ○1

　　7. ○4

　　8. ○2, 3

　　9. ○4

　　10. ○2

　　11. ○2

　　12. ○3

　　13. ○2

　　14. The first successful plants…

　　Lichens helped create favorable…

　　Seed-bearing plants arrived…

托福TPO9閱讀翻譯：Part3

　　參考翻譯：夏威夷植物的到來

　　大約500萬年以前，當夏威夷群島作為火山從海洋中出現(xiàn)的時候，它們與其他大陸相距甚遠。然后，經過了炙熱陽光和濕潤雨水的交替作用之后，那荒蕪的黑色的巖石表面開始漸漸地變軟。最后，大風就攜帶來了各種各樣的生命。

　　孢子很輕，可以被微風攜帶著從更古老的陸地飄過幾千英里并隨機地降落在荒蕪的山腰上。一些孢子在漆黑堅硬的巖石中找到了立足點，并生長起來，開始改造土地。地衣可能就是第一批成功安家的植物，它們不是單一的一種植物，每一個都是海藻和真菌的共生體。海藻通過光合作用獲取太陽的能量，并將它儲存在有機的分子中。真菌從巖石中吸收水分和礦物鹽，并將這些作為代謝廢物為海藻施肥。島嶼上的最早的生物群落以共生的方式存在是非常重要的。共生是一種依靠兩種或兩種以上的生物緊密合作而生存的現(xiàn)象，也是島嶼上生物群落非常重要的一項原則。

　　地衣有利于加速堅硬的巖石表面的分解，并產生了一層柔軟的土壤，這些土壤可以提供熔融巖石含有的來自地球內部的豐富的礦物質?，F(xiàn)在其他形式的生命就可以安家了：蕨類植物和苔蘚(兩種最古老的陸地植物品種)甚至可以在巖石縫隙里繁衍。這些植物通過產生孢子來繁殖，孢子是一些微小的有營養(yǎng)的細胞，它們攜帶了所有的用于生長一株新的植物的遺傳物質，但是它沒有任何外部表皮的保護，也沒攜帶供應營養(yǎng)的組織。大量的包子降落在母體植物下面的土地上，有時候它們被流水和風帶到了更遠的地方。但是只有很少的停駐在絕好的地方的孢子可以開始新的生命，絕大部分的孢子會落在不含礦物的巖層上。占著絕對數(shù)量上的優(yōu)勢，蕨類植物和地衣到達了夏威夷群島存活下來，并繁衍開去。其中一些物種體型巨大，成為橛子樹，它們甚至現(xiàn)在還生長在夏威夷的森林中。

　　在蕨類植物進化了好幾百萬年之后(不過，還是遠在夏威夷群島出現(xiàn)之前)另一種植物開始在地球上進化：種子植物。這是一次驚人的生物進化，種子有一層裹在遺傳物質外面的表皮，在表皮里面是一種濃縮了的營養(yǎng)物質。因此，種子物種的成活率相對于那些裸露的孢子大大地提高了。其中一種.種子植物--被子植物，包含了所有的開花植物。在被子植物中，種子被另外的一層外皮包裹著。其中的一些表皮很堅硬-就像堅果的外殼-可以提供額外的保護。有一些則很軟、誘人，比如桃子或櫻桃。還有一些被子植物的種子攜帶有薄紗一樣的翅膀，比如說蒲公英和馬利筋的種子。這種特征為種子轉移到新的棲息地提供了更好的途徑，它們可以通過空氣、流水傳播并可以保存好幾個月。

　　一些擁有碩大的、可以浮于水面的種子的植物，像椰子，隨洋流飄蕩，被沖上海岸。對洋流變動抵抗的耐久性使得他們可以在海水的長期浸泡中生存下來。當他們停歇在溫暖的海灘上，一旦條件合適，種子的外皮就開始變軟。由于受到內部攜帶的營養(yǎng)物質的滋養(yǎng)，幼小的植物伸長出他們的根部，并開始在陽光下成長。

　　借助這些種子，植物傳播到更遠的新地方，甚至是像夏威夷群島這樣的孤立的群島上。夏威夷群島位于加利福利亞以西2 000英里和日本以東3 500英里。草、花和開花植物的種子經過長途跋涉到達這些島嶼上(草類是一類將其種子孕育在長長的秸稈中的簡單被子植物)。在短得驚人的時間內，被子植物覆蓋了大面積的夏威夷群島上曾經荒蕪的地面。

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