托福寫作的論證方式
托福寫作的文體是 argumentative essay (議論文)，所以在寫作時，時刻要記住一個完整的論證就是論點+論據(jù)。那么我們在寫議論文時，有哪些論證方式呢?一般而言，常見的有5種。一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下!
托福寫作的論證方式
1. 舉例論證：
定義：列舉確鑿、充分，有代表性的事例證明論點。通過列舉典型事例，具體有力地證明了中心論點，增強了說服力。這些事例可以是發(fā)生在我們平常生活中的小事，也可以是名人軼事，新聞報道或者歷史事件。
舉例的慣用表達 :1) For example / For instance, ...2) A (具體) aptly illustrates B (抽象) = A is an apt illustration of B = To illustrate = As an illustration3) A case in point is ....4) The story of... best demonstrates this point5) To pick / take... as an example托福真題：Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship.舉例論證示范：Nevertheless, competition between friends does not necessarily put a dent in the friendship. On the contrary, friendship can be consolidated as long as friends help one another over the course of competition. A case in point is my niece who had a contest with his intimate friend Lucas. They both agreed that whoever obtained the lower score in the final exam of math had to buy a great present for the winner. During the preparation for the exam, they often shared useful materials and compared notes about some complicated problems. In the end, my niece did not perform as well as his friend Lucas, however, he still kept his promise and bought a PSP for Lucas. When asked the question whether this competition did damage to their friendship. My niece disapproved such statement and maintained that the contest provided a wonderful opportunity to strengthen their friendship. Hence healthy competition of this kind is wholesome for friendship, indeed.
2. 反面論證
定義：從某個論點的對立面入手，通過證明它的錯誤來體現(xiàn)該論點的正確。當(dāng)我們不能正面論述或者正面論述很難支持論點，可以考慮反面論證,或者用反面論證補充說明。反面論證的慣用表達：1) However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless2) On the contrary / Opposingly3) 虛擬語氣表達
托福真題：We should never be impolite to others in the modern society.反面論證示范：
In the case of heinous crimes, people's safety and possession are seriously threatened. Under such circumstance, never should we manifest good manners and expose ourselves to the perils brought by perpetrators. To illustrate, Tom was a university student who took a part-time job in an advertising agency. One day, he came across a group of gangsters who attempted to rob him on his way back to university. In order to protect his personal property and safety, he fought fiercely with the criminals and retreated securely from the crime scene. Once he felt relieved, he reported the case to the adjacent police station in order to bring those villains to justice. Had he showed lenience on the robbers, he would have been a victim of a severe crime. In the worst-case scenarios, his personal belongings could have been looted and his precious life could have been claimed by those criminals.3. 對比論證：
對比論證也叫比較法，就是通過將論證主體與另一事物的對照比較，推出他 們之間的差異點，從而更好地襯托出我們的主要觀點。對比論證是一種比較常用的論證方法，且說服力很強，因為在對比中，事物的本質(zhì)和特性往往最容易顯露，特別是對于一組正反相互對立的事物的比較，會有更強的鮮明性，從而給人留下深刻印象。
對比論證的慣用表達：In / By contrast / On the contrary / On one hand, On the other hand / In comparison with / Opposingly
托福真題：The best way to reduce air pollution is for the government to raise the cost of fuel (petrol).對比論證示范：對比提高油價的benefits 和drawbacks
Admittedly, raising the cost of fuel or petrol helps to curb the air pollution to some degree. Once this policy takes effect, those who are concerned about the expensive expenses will drive cars less frequently. As a result, the number of vehicles running on the roads will decrease in a short period of time. And less exhaust fumes will be emitted. Nonetheless, this measure cannot eradicate air pollution as more people are willing to own a private car. The high cost of fuel will not intimidate those eager buyers and potential drivers. The effectiveness of this measure cannot last for a long time. It is better for the government to invest more money on developing clean energy to replace conventional fossil fuels to curtail the hazardous pollutants in the atmosphere.
托福寫作模板：為什么參觀博物館?
Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
People love to visit museums when traveling to new places. I think this is because museums tell them a lot about the culture of those places. Museums are also fun. It’s almost impossible to get bored in a museum. Every museum will have at least one thing of interest to somebody.
When visiting someplace new, you can find out about the culture of that place in many ways. You can go to a movie or a place of worship or a nightclub. Another option is to sit in the park and listen to the people around you. The easiest way to learn about a place's culture, though, is by visiting its museums. Museums will show you the history of the place you're visiting. They’ll show you what art the locals think is important.
If there aren't any museums, that tells you something, too.
Museums are fun. Even if you're not interested in art or history, there is always something to get your attention. Many museums now have what they call "hands-on" exhibits. These were originally designed to keep children occupied while their parents were looking at exhibits. However, museums have found that adults enjoy hands-on opportunities just as much as children. These exhibits have activities like pushing a button to hear more about what you're looking at, creating your own work of art, or trying on clothes like those on the models in the museum.
People also enjoy visiting museums about unusual subjects. For instance, in my hometown there's a museum devoted to the potato. This museum has art made out of potatoes. It also tells all about the history of the potato, and sells potato mementos like key chains and potato dolls.
People enjoy visiting this museum because it's different. It’s not something they'd find in their hometown and the museum's curator enjoy talking about the Great Potato.
Museums are popular because they are about us. They reflect our creations, our values, and our dreams. No matter who you are or what you like, somewhere there is a museum that will amaze and interest you.
托福寫作模板：運氣為成功帶來什么
“When people succeed, it is because of hard work, Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific and examples to explain your position.
When people succeed, it is because of hard work, but luck has a lot to do with it,too. Success without some luck is almost impossible. The French emperor Napoleon said of one of his generals, “I know he’s good. But is he lucky?” Napoleon knew that all the hard work and talent in the world can’t make up for bad luck. However, hard work can invite good luck.
When it comes to success, luck can mean being in the right place to meet someone, or having the right skills to get a job done. It might mean turning down an offer and then having a better offer come along. Nothing can replace hard work, but working hard also means you’re preparing yourself opportunity. Opportunity very often depends on luck.
How many of the great inventions and discoveries came about through a lucky mistake or a lucky chance? One of the biggest lucky mistakes in history is Columbus’ so-called discovery of America. He enriched his sponsors and changed history, but he was really looking for India. However, Columbus’ chance discovery wasn’t pure luck. It was backed up by years of studying and calculating. He worked hard to prove his theory that the world was round.
Success that comes from pure luck and no hard work can be a real problem. For example, consider a teenage girl who becomes a movie star.
Imagine she’s been picked from nowhere because of her looks. She is going to feel very insecure, because she knows she didn’t do anything to earn her stardom. On the other hand, think about an actress who’s spend years learning and working at her craft. When she finally has good luck and becomes a success, she will handle stardom better, she knows she earns it.
People who work hard help make their own luck by being ready opportunity knocks. When it comes to success. I think that hard work and luck so hand in hand.
托福寫作模板：簡易烹飪食品延長壽命?
Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
The twentieth century has brought with it many advances. With those advances, human lives have changed dramatically. In some ways life is worse, but mostly it is better. Changes in food preparation methods, for example, have improved our lives greatly.
The convenience of preparing food today is amazing. Even stoves have gotten too slow for us. Microwave cooking is much easier. We can press a few buttons and a meal is completely cooked in just a short time. People used to spend hours preparing an oven-cooked meal, and now they can use that time for other, better things. Plus, there are all kinds of portable, prepackaged foods we can buy. Heat them in the office microwave, and lunch at work is quick and easy.
Food preparation today allows for more variety. With refrigerators and freezers, we can preserve a lot of different foods in our homes. Since technology makes cooking so much faster, people are willing to make several dishes for even a small meal. Parents are more likely to let children be picky, now that they can easily heat them up some prepackaged macaroni and cheese on the side. Needless to say, adults living in the same house may have very different eating habits as well. If they don’t want to cook a lot of different dishes, it’s common now to eat out at restaurants several times a week.
Healthful eating is also easier than ever now. When people cook, they use new fat substitutes and cooking sprays to cut fat and calories. This reduces the risk of heart disease and high cholesterol. Additionally, we can buy fruits and vegetable fresh, frozen or canned. They are easy to prepare, so many of us eat more of those nutritious items daily. A hundred years ago, you couldn’t imagine the process of taking some frozen fruit and ice from the freezer, adding some low-fat yogurt from a plastic cup and some juice from a can in the refrigerator, and whipping up a low-fat smoothie in the blender!
Our lifestyle is fast, but people still like good food. What new food preparation technology has given us is more choices. Today, we can prepare food that is more convenient, healthier, and of greater variety than ever before in history.
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