2017初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全(2)
2017初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:賓語(yǔ)從句
考察的三個(gè)要點(diǎn):語(yǔ)序,時(shí)態(tài),關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
1.定義:用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。
3賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序一定是陳述句語(yǔ)序。(who 作主語(yǔ)的從句本身就是陳述句語(yǔ)序)
4賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ),連接賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞有that(that在口語(yǔ)中常省略)。 whether,if,和連接代詞what, which, who, whom及連接副詞when, where, how, why。
He knew(that) he should study hard.
他知道他應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。
Can you tell me which class you are in?
您能告訴我,您在哪一班嗎?
He asked me if he could come in,
他問(wèn)我他是否能進(jìn)來(lái)。
5.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:
(1)從屬連詞that.如:一般那情況下可以省略。
He told us that he felt ill.
I know he has returned.
注: that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
(and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí),that不能省略。)
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略。)
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位于句首時(shí),that不可省略。)
我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:
I doubt whether he will succeed.
I don’t know if you can help me.
(3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,
whichever
連接副詞 where,when,how,why.
Who or what he was,Martin never learned.
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.
注意
1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
2.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句,這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。
I am not sure what I ought to do.
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
3.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,
if一般不與or not連用。如:
I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。
用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義,應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句,意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話,請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
4.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健H纾?/p>
I don’t think you are right.
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.
I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律:
主句 從句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài),例如:一般過(guò)去,過(guò)去進(jìn)行,過(guò)去完成,過(guò)去將來(lái)等
注意:說(shuō)到自然現(xiàn)象和普遍真理時(shí),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
3賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題
1.時(shí)態(tài)的一致(主句的時(shí)態(tài)與從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致) a.賓語(yǔ)從句中如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)),從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。
I know he lives here.我知道他住在這兒。
I know he lived here ten years ago.
我知道他十年前住在這兒。
I have heard that he will come.
我已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)他要來(lái)了。
b.賓語(yǔ)從句中如果主句是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)),那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí))。
I know who lives here.我知道誰(shuí)住在這兒。
I know who lived here 我知道誰(shuí)住過(guò)這兒。
Everyone he asks us if everyone is here.
He asked us if everyone was here.
他問(wèn)我們是否所有的人都出席了。
He has said that he has seen it.
他說(shuō)過(guò)他已經(jīng)看了。
He said that he had seen it.
2.語(yǔ)序的變化
a.陳述句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí),語(yǔ)序不變。
陳述句:He is an honest man.
他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。
賓語(yǔ)從句:I said he was an honest man.
(連詞that可省)
我說(shuō)他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。
陳述句:We'll Win.
我們會(huì)贏。
賓語(yǔ)從句:We believe we'll win.
我們相信我們會(huì)贏。
b.一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí)語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序,用whether,if連接。
一般疑問(wèn)句:Does he study hard?
他學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)真嗎?
賓語(yǔ)從句:I wonder if(whether)he studies hard.
我不知道他是否認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。
一般疑問(wèn)句:Will they win?他們會(huì)贏嗎?
賓語(yǔ)從句:I asked if(whether) they would win.
我問(wèn)他們是否會(huì)贏。
c.特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí)語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序,用連接代詞或副詞(即保留原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞)。
特殊疑問(wèn)句:Who is he?
他是誰(shuí)?
賓語(yǔ)從句:Do you know who he is?
你知道他是誰(shuí)嗎?
特殊疑問(wèn)句:What does he want?
他要什么?
賓語(yǔ)從句:I don't know what he wants.
我不知道他要什么。
注意
Who went there?
(特殊疑問(wèn)句)
誰(shuí)去那里呢?
I wonder who
went there.
(賓語(yǔ)從句)
我不知道誰(shuí)去那里。
因?yàn)槭菍?duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn),所以特殊疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序不變。變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí),語(yǔ)序依然不變。
特殊疑問(wèn)句:When did he leave?
他何時(shí)離開(kāi)的?
賓語(yǔ)從句:I know when he left.
我知道他是什么時(shí)候離開(kāi)的。
特殊疑問(wèn)句:Where will he arrive?
他將會(huì)到哪里呢?
賓語(yǔ)從句:He asked me where he would arrive.
他問(wèn)我他將會(huì)到哪里。
他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)看了。
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