新托福閱讀多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間
在整個(gè)的托福考試中，閱讀部分的時(shí)間是最緊張的。因此大家在平時(shí)的備考中，要更好的訓(xùn)練自己在閱讀部分的時(shí)間分配。學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家整理了關(guān)于托福閱讀時(shí)間的介紹，同時(shí)也為大家整理了一些合理分配時(shí)間的方法，供大家參考。
新托福閱讀多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間
托福閱讀做多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間最合適?
新托福閱讀考試分為無(wú)閱讀加試和有閱讀加試兩種。
無(wú)閱讀加試的情況下，共有3篇文章，分為兩個(gè)部分，第一部分為獨(dú)立的1篇文章，考試時(shí)間為20分鐘;第二部分為兩篇文章，考試時(shí)間為40分鐘，期間這兩篇文章的考試時(shí)間可以自由分配?？傮w考試時(shí)間為兩部分之和，即60分鐘。
有閱讀加試的情況下，在已有的3篇文章及60分鐘答題時(shí)間的基礎(chǔ)上，再加兩篇文章，并作為一個(gè)部分，共計(jì)40分鐘，加試期間的兩篇文章的考試時(shí)間依然可以自由分配?？傮w考試時(shí)間為三部分之和，即100分鐘。
變化之前考試時(shí)間比較死板，第一篇文章必須在20分鐘以內(nèi)做完，等到第一篇文章做完后才能繼續(xù)在后40分鐘做后面兩篇文章，有加試的考生還必須等把第二次的兩篇文章做完后，才能繼續(xù)做加試部分的題，如果各部分超過(guò)時(shí)間還沒(méi)有做完的題，就不能算入成績(jī)。變化之后考試時(shí)間更為靈活，沒(méi)有加試的考生有60分鐘的考試時(shí)間做三篇文章，有加試的考生有80分鐘的時(shí)間做四篇文章，沒(méi)有強(qiáng)制規(guī)定先做哪篇后做哪篇。
提醒各位同學(xué)：考試做第一篇文章，不要超20分鐘。
托福閱讀時(shí)間分配方法
方法一：
用5分鐘閱讀整篇文章，形成對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容的大致理解。剩下15分鐘從第一題開(kāi)始做到最后一題，先文后題：即先看每一段，然后解決對(duì)應(yīng)的題目。
優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
1.對(duì)于文章的整體感有一定的把握，對(duì)于看懂的信息容易建立自信。
2.有利于解決少數(shù)與段落主題有關(guān)的題目。
缺陷：
1.不能在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成;
2.記不住段落的內(nèi)容，做題時(shí)仍需返回段落，重新定位到具體的某句話來(lái)尋找答案。
3.做最后一題時(shí)，仍需重新閱讀文章，因?yàn)榫嗟谝槐殚喿x文章已經(jīng)時(shí)隔了十幾分鐘，不可能記得很清楚;或者憑借先前閱讀后的大致印象選擇答案，感覺(jué)沒(méi)底。
方法二：
用7分鐘閱讀整篇文章，直接做最后一題。剩下的13分鐘從第一題做到倒數(shù)第二題。
優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
1.對(duì)于做最后一題有一定的好處，因?yàn)閯倓傋x完印象還在。
2.對(duì)于文章的整體感有一定的把握，對(duì)于看懂的信息容易建立自信。
缺陷：
1.最后一題的正確選項(xiàng)通常與第一題至倒數(shù)第二題中的某些題有一定在關(guān)聯(lián)性，消耗了不必要的時(shí)間。
2.做第一題至倒數(shù)第二題的時(shí)間非常緊迫，每道題(除了詞匯題)幾乎都是草草一筆帶過(guò)，無(wú)法確保題目的正確率。
方法三：
用15分鐘做第一題至倒數(shù)第二題，先題后文：即讀題目根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到段落中的某句話，然后比對(duì)這句話和選項(xiàng)的含義，最后選出答案。剩下5分鐘做最后一題。
優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
1.保證了絕大多數(shù)題目的正確率。
2.確保在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。
缺陷：
1.需要掌握簡(jiǎn)化后的解題方法，即上完強(qiáng)化班之后需要把習(xí)得的技巧進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化后才能應(yīng)用于實(shí)戰(zhàn)。
2.對(duì)于第一題至倒數(shù)第二題中個(gè)別與全文結(jié)構(gòu)或主題有關(guān)的題目不能在第一時(shí)間做出判斷，只能放到做完最后一題之后完成，增加了考生的心理負(fù)擔(dān)和翻頁(yè)的時(shí)間損耗。
托福閱讀TPO31第3篇:Savanna Formation
【1】Located in tropical area at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered tree or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.
【2】Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and 2000 millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.
【3】In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.
【4】Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage. These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated. Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor. By contrast, dry soils are sandy and porous, their coarse textures permitting water to drain rapidly. Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor. Though most savannas are found on sites with poor soils (because of either moisture conditions or nutrient levels of both), poor soils can and do support lush rain forest.
【5】Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.
【6】On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
1.The word "prolonged" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.predictable.
B.destructive.
C.lengthy.
D.unproductive.
2.In paragraph 2，the author mentions savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad in order to
A.argue that these savannas are similar to those in South America and Cuba.
B.point out exceptions to the pattern of savanna formation in areas with drought stress.
C.provide additional examples of savannas in areas with five- to eight-month wet seasons.
D.indicate areas where savannas are being gradually replaced by rain forests.
3.According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that
A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.
B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.
C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.
D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.
4.The word "notably" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.similarly.
B.especially.
C.usually.
D.relatively.
5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of savanna soils EXCEPT
A.They have high concentrations of potassium.
B.They contain high levels of aluminum.
C.They are very acidic.
D.They contain large amounts of certain oxide minerals.
6.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of waterlogged soils?
A.Their upper layers are usually sandy and porous.
B.They cannot support savannas.
C.They contain little oxygen.
D.They are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals.
7.The fact that "poor soils can and do support lush rain forest" suggests that
A.poor soils alone may not be enough to explain why an area becomes a savanna.
B.rain forest vegetation can significantly lower the quality of soils.
C.drought stress is the single most important factor in savanna formation.
D.minerals are more important than moisture for the growth of trees.
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Rain forest species seem unable to adapt to fires created by humans.
B.Ancient charcoal remains suggest that, prior to the arrival of humans, fires occurred frequently in rain forests.
C.Ancient charcoal remains in Amazon forests suggest that rain forest species adapted to the area long before the arrival of humans.
D.Rain forest species appear unable to adapt to frequent fires, but evidence from the past suggests that rain forests sometimes do burn.
9.The word "markedly" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.dangerously.
B.noticeably.
C.rapidly.
D.gradually.
10.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements regarding the importance of fires in maintaining savannas?
A.Fires prevent the growth of pyrophytes.
B.Fires eliminate some species and thus reduce the overall diversity of the ecosystem.
C.Fires that occur once every two years are unlikely to help maintain savannas.
D.Fires prevent some species from eliminating other species with which they compete.
11.The word "subsequent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.expanded in area.
B.harmful.
C.following in time.
D.repeated.
12.According to paragraph 6，human activity affects soils in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A.Decomposition of leaves occurs too fast for surface roots to obtain nutrients.
B.Nutrients are not recycled.
C.Humus is destroyed.
D.Certain soils become unable to support vegetation other than savanna vegetation.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? In addition, humans have contributed to the conditions favoring the formation of savannas.
Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. ■【A】 Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, oftenwithan increase in tree density. ■【B】 There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.■【C】 On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. ■【D】 Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Several factors seem to play important roles in savanna formation.
A.Savannas can form in areas with a five- to eight-month wet season, but they more commonly have a
B.Soil stress caused by drought, extreme moisture, or low nutrient levels favors the formsticm of
C.Studies conducted in various regions indicate that an upper layer of white, sandy, soil is
D.Drought stress affects trees and shrubs in savannas far less than it affects savanna grasses.
E.Frequent fire is a major factor contributing to the formation and maintenance of
F.In some areas, human cutting and burning is associated with savanna formation, and
托福閱讀答案
1.可以根據(jù)詞根分析，原文中prolonged，詞根為long，長(zhǎng)度。Prolonged為延長(zhǎng)的。選項(xiàng)中C，length本來(lái)是長(zhǎng)度的意思，lengthy變?yōu)樾稳菰~格式，符合原詞詞義。
2.以 savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad作為關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文，看到這半句和前 半句中間有but的轉(zhuǎn)折，那么也就是說(shuō)central America，Brazil這些地方和前面介紹的不一樣，所以是例外情況。
3.本段第一句就指出，rain forest和savannas的土壤是相似的，但是更極端一點(diǎn)。后面就給了examples。最后一句 給出了兩種土壤的總結(jié)"this may seem….Either too wet or too dry for forests" 所以選 D。
4.Notably從notice發(fā)展而來(lái)，以為顯著的，因此選擇B。另外也可通過(guò)and的并列格式來(lái)推斷。
5.這一題對(duì)應(yīng)for example后面的內(nèi)容，A直接和紅色標(biāo)注部分矛盾，因此是要選的except的選項(xiàng)。
6.A對(duì)于"by contrast…"那一句，sandy soil和waterlogged soils 是相反的。B 與原文矛盾，上段最后就說(shuō)要么很干要么很濕，waterlogged 就是很濕的那種。C對(duì)于那個(gè) making the soil oxygen-poor。D對(duì)應(yīng)" Sandy soils are prone to ....."，而不是選項(xiàng)中說(shuō)的 waterlogged soils的特征。
7.這句話說(shuō)雖然幾乎全部 的savannas都發(fā)生在poor soils之上，但是poor soils足以支撐茂盛的熱帶雨林。所以是轉(zhuǎn)折，說(shuō)明poor soils不是唯一決定了savannas的因素， 還有別的。
8.原句主干是說(shuō)frequent fire是造成熱帶雨林不能形成的原因，即使在人類(lèi)出現(xiàn)之前亞馬遜雨林也出現(xiàn)過(guò)偶爾的 燃燒。所以D是意思最完整的。可根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系來(lái)判斷。
9.根據(jù)詞根判斷，原詞詞根為mark意為標(biāo)注，跟選項(xiàng)中B的notice意思相近，所以選B。
10.對(duì)應(yīng)部分從but in experimental areas protected from fire開(kāi)始，后面的內(nèi)容都對(duì)其重要性進(jìn)行了解釋，如果沒(méi)有火來(lái)保持savannas，那么就很少有perennial grass species可以outcompeting其他的種類(lèi)，從而減少了plant-species的豐富，而樹(shù)的密度則會(huì)更大。對(duì)應(yīng)了 D的描述。
11.subsequence是后果的意思，subsequent就是后來(lái)，然后的意思。因此選擇C。
12.human activity包括了cutting and burning，然后這句的后面，從''increase....''開(kāi)始就是后果。先說(shuō)humus is destroyed，對(duì)應(yīng) C，然后 humus 對(duì)于decomposition是非常必 要的，而 human activity destroy了humus，所以減慢了decomposition，和A矛盾。 后面說(shuō) nutrients cannot被recycled，對(duì)應(yīng)了B。converting那一句對(duì)應(yīng)了D。
13.要插入的句子描述的是 savannas的形成原因，并且開(kāi)頭是in addition，證明是對(duì)前面句子的補(bǔ)充，前面句子說(shuō)的應(yīng)該是savannas形成的原因之一，對(duì)應(yīng)了第二句。并且第三空后面的句子提到了cutting和burning，這些都是human activity。所以選 C。
14.BEF
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