老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE16
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老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 16
The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings
(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx
(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates
(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds
2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?
(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.
(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.
(C) They connected the front and back limbs.
(D) They required fingers of equal length.
3. The word "literally" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) creating
(B) meaning
(C) related to
(D) simplified
4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies
(A) in the early Triassic period
(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs
(C) after the decline of pterosaurs
(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.
5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to
(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils
6. The word "They" in line 10 refers to
(A) powerful muscles
(B) bodies
(C) jaws
(D) flying reptiles
7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably "not skillful fliers" (lines 10-11) because
(A) of their limited wingspan
(B) of their disproportionately large bodies
(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight
(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power
8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from
(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs
(B) an evolution from pterosaurs
(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals
(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs
9. The word "classified" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) perfected
(B) replaced
(C) categorized
(D) protected
10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?
(A) Its tail
(B) Its teeth
(C) The shape of its skull
(D) Details of its bone structure
11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?
(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.
(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.
(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was apowerful dinosaur.
正確答案：DBBCA DCDCDA
托福閱讀的實(shí)用技巧整理
首先，無論什么技巧都必須要有基本的單詞量做基礎(chǔ)。沒人喜歡背單詞，但是只有有足夠的單詞量才能應(yīng)對托福閱讀中的各種層出不窮的問題。用的是誰的單詞書其實(shí)沒有多大分別，你只要認(rèn)認(rèn)真真的把一本單詞書背個(gè)70%，那也就差不多了，托福閱讀的主要考察對象不是單詞，只是透過單詞來表達(dá)一種意思，只要你能猜出來這種意思并且在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上把題答對，那么，對少單詞都不是問題。
其次，對于難句長句的理解。還是要明白大意就好，但是要能夠根據(jù)大意準(zhǔn)確定位找到答案。大家可以專門找些難句和長句來進(jìn)行有針對性的練習(xí)。把那些句子反復(fù)讀，反復(fù)看，看上十幾遍，覺得很通順、覺得句子寫得很好自己以后也要這么寫了才算好。速度慢不是問題，但是堅(jiān)持下來，大家對難句和長句的理解能力就好冥想提高。
再次，大家在專門練習(xí)托福閱讀題的時(shí)候，還是多看看OG，OG是非常有指向性的，而且那上面說的一些小技巧還是不錯(cuò)的。Delta上的題目要難一些，主要是有一些題目需要考生進(jìn)行引申、做一些文學(xué)上的理解，當(dāng)然這些在托福中是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)的。所以做題的時(shí)候不要想得太復(fù)雜，第一感覺是什么就選什么，很有效。
托福閱讀詞匯的積累練習(xí)
mores 風(fēng)俗，習(xí)慣
submit 屈從;提交;主張，認(rèn)為
backfire 產(chǎn)生反效果;逆火
speculate 推測;思索;投機(jī)(venture)
wield 行使(權(quán)利);揮舞(寶劍)
recreation 再創(chuàng)造; 消遣，娛樂
peer 同等人，同輩人;凝視
project 預(yù)測;凸出;投擲，發(fā)射;計(jì)劃
mitigate減輕，緩和
negate 否認(rèn)
familial 家庭的
vain 無用的，虛榮的
vein 面紗; 掩飾
bound n. 范圍 v. 跳躍;以…為界;bind的過去式和過去分詞
be bound to do 必定，一定
rationale 基本原理，論據(jù)
launch 開始，發(fā)動(dòng);發(fā)射
supplant = in place of 代替
retain 保留
status quo 現(xiàn)狀
downplay 低估，貶低
radical 詞根，激進(jìn)分子; 根本的;激進(jìn)的
conviction 信念;定罪
credit 功勞，聲望，信任
appeal to 求助于
gloss 掩飾;使有光澤
explain away 搪塞，把…解釋過去
complementary 補(bǔ)充的
complimentary 稱贊的，問候的
indefensible 站不住腳的
misgiving 疑慮
dissent 異議，不同意
dispense with 免除
exempt 免除
shun 避開
identity 身份，本體; 同一性，完全相同;特性
sustain 維持; 遭受; 忍耐
contend 主張，聲稱;爭論 (n. contention)
object n. 物體 v.反對 (objection n.反對)
objective n. 目標(biāo); adj.客觀的
dispose 處理，處置;安排，使用
except that 只是，只可惜;除了
fanciful 幻想的，想象中的
apprehend 領(lǐng)會(huì)，理解; 逮捕; 憂慮
whereupon 于是，因此
administer 實(shí)施;給與;服用(藥);管理
formulate 明確地表達(dá)
champion v. 擁護(hù); n. 冠軍
posit 斷定，假定
advance 使前進(jìn)，推進(jìn); 促進(jìn)，加速; 提出，倡導(dǎo)
primacy n. 首位，首要 (adj. primary)
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