托福閱讀完整攻略之插入句子題
為了幫助大家提高托福閱讀成績，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x完整攻略之插入句子題，希望對大家有所幫助!
托福閱讀完整攻略之插入句子題
IBT閱讀的主要變化有五點(diǎn)：
1. 題目的數(shù)量減少：從之前老托50道題目減少到目前39道;
2. 文章的篇數(shù)減少：從之前的5篇減少到目前的3篇;
3. 文章內(nèi)容的長度增加：內(nèi)容字?jǐn)?shù)從之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇;
4. 題目的分?jǐn)?shù)參差不齊：各個(gè)類型題目的分?jǐn)?shù)根據(jù)其難易程度而定;
5. 出現(xiàn)了三類新題型：句子插入題， 句意解釋題目和表格題是新出現(xiàn)的題目類。
解決IBT閱讀中的插入句子題的五大步驟
插入句子題是IBT閱讀中的新題性。這類題目是給出一句話讓我們來判斷這句話應(yīng)加入一個(gè)段落中四個(gè)方塊的哪個(gè)部分，用鼠標(biāo)雙擊所選的黑色方塊即可。做這類題目的關(guān)鍵首先是理解該句子，尋找其中的銜接詞，分析這個(gè)句子的特點(diǎn)和其在文中的作用，然后把這個(gè)句子帶入原文中檢驗(yàn)其是否合適。
掌握銜接詞是解答插入句子題的關(guān)鍵
掌握銜接詞對解答這類問題非常重要，因?yàn)樗抢斫馍舷挛暮瓦@個(gè)句子的邏輯關(guān)系的核心。銜接詞語主要包括代詞(指示代詞，例如this， these their， it， such， another ，這些通常是上文提到過的，所以可以采用就近原則來做。);關(guān)鍵同義詞，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的形容詞，副詞和名詞;表示因果，轉(zhuǎn)折等關(guān)系的過渡詞語：如，therefore， so， however， as a result， consequently， on the contrary， however 等;遞進(jìn)擴(kuò)展詞：如，furthermore， also， as well， too， in addition， moreover， besides， even， additionally等;結(jié)構(gòu)配對詞：如，on the one hand…。 on the other hand，some…others，同時(shí)還要注意一些表示順序的詞，如first ，second ，third等。
我們來具體來一個(gè)例子：
1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous， sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.
These tales included grotesque， comic， and poetic descriptions， character sketches， narratives， gusts of feeling， delicate ironies， and astute observations.
Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.
A： position 1 B： Position 2 C： Position 3 D： Position 4
具體的解題步驟：
1. 理解要插入的句子：These tales included grotesque， comic， and poetic descriptions， character sketches， and narratives， gusts of feeling， delicate ironies， and astute observations. 我們看這個(gè)句子是主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)，其中賓語為一些列的并列名詞和短語。
2. 尋找銜接詞：這個(gè)句子的銜接詞為：These tales
3. 分析這個(gè)句子和上下文的關(guān)系：位置1 不可能，因?yàn)樗竺娴木渥邮且粋€(gè)主題型句子，即，提出論點(diǎn)，而我們要插入的句子為一個(gè)小點(diǎn)，屬于論據(jù)。然后看位置2，這里出現(xiàn)了和我們要加入句子一樣的信息點(diǎn)Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.顯然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是對其前面句子for their own sake的進(jìn)一步解釋。所以最后只能是位置4了。
4. 把這個(gè)句帶入各個(gè)位置。
5. 檢查每個(gè)位置，位置4是最恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
綜上所訴：把握這五大步驟是我們解決插入句子題的一個(gè)便利小竅門，具體的應(yīng)用方法因人而議。理解需要插入句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，找出銜接詞是解題關(guān)鍵。同時(shí)要注意整個(gè)段落的結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯關(guān)系。
新托福閱讀背景知識：美國原住民
Native Americans
Native Americans were living in North America for many hundreds of years before Europeans reached the continent. For a long time white people called them Indians. Today, many people do not like this name since it is based on a mistake: it was given to the people living in the Americas by Christopher _olumbus who, when he arrived there, thought he had discovered India. Instead, people prefer to use the term Native Americans. There are also native peoples living in _laska and Canada, e.g. _nuit’s and Aleuts, but they are separate groups and are not called Native Americans.
Early contact with Europeans
in _re-Columbian North America there were many tribes who lived by hunting animals and gathering plants. Many of the tribes moved from one place to another according to the season and what food was available. Most of what is known about Native Americans dates from the time when they came into contact with Europeans.
The first place in the US where Europeans settled permanently was _amestown, Virginia, founded in 1607. At first Native Americans were positive about the Europeans and were happy to have the many new things they brought, e.g. metal cooking pots, cloth and guns. But the Europeans also introduced diseases that Native Americans had no resistance to, so many became ill and died. They also brought alcohol, the effects of which Native Americans did not know. Some Europeans took advantage of this by getting them drunk and then paying low prices for their goods.
The worst problem for Native Americans, which lasted into the late 20th century, was that the new settlers wanted their land. To Native Americans owning land was a strange idea. Tribes moved around as they pleased and shared land with any other tribe that was friendly. They did not understand that a person might believe a piece of land was theirs, or that they would try to keep others from using it. The settlers, on the other hand, assumed that they would take control of North America and used all means to do this, including making agreements, which they usually did not keep, tricking Native Americans into selling land cheaply, and taking it by military force. Native American chiefs like _itting Bull, _ecumseh and _eronimo fought against the settlers.
As Whites began moving west, Native American tribes had to be moved on. Some were forced to go to other parts of North America, to areas very different from the ones they were used to. The _rail of Tears was one of many terrible examples: in the cold winter of 18389 17 000 _herokees had to move from their land in the south-east to what is now _klahoma and more than 4 000 died. The government promised tribes that if they agreed to stay in one part of the country they could keep that land forever. But the promises lasted only until Americans discovered that the land they had given them was good for farming or had gold.
Whites have explained this behavior in different ways. When the Indians fought and killed white people they said that this proved that Native Americans were wild and had to be controlled. People also believed that the Native Americans were wasting good land by not developing it. In the 19th century Americans believed in _anifest destiny, meaning that they thought God wanted them to occupy the whole continent. They also believed that it was better for the Native Americans to learn to live like white people and tried to teach them Christianity. Many Native American children, including the athlete Jim _horpe, were taken away from their tribe and sent to schools where they were not allowed to speak their own language.
Native American languages
Before Europeans arrived in North America there were over 300 Native American languages. Some have now died out, and of the 250 or so remaining many are spoken only by a few older people. Other languages, like Cherokee, are more widely spoken. Most Native Americans speak English, some as their first language and others as their second.
Native American languages have added many words to English, though the meaning of a word has often been changed. Teepees are a kind of tent, _ampum belts were made of beads and since the belts had great value Europeans used wampum to mean 'money'. Moccasins, a kind of shoe, are today worn by people all over the world. Many Native American words describe the things they name. For example, the Sukiyaki tribe's name means 'people of the yellow earth', and the Cherokees' name for themselves, Ani-Yun'wiya, means 'the leading people'. Indian names for Whites included 'people greedily grasping for land'.
Many American place names have their roots in Native American languages. _hio, for instance, is a Native American name, and the names of many of its towns and cities, such as Chillicothe and Sandusky, and the lakes Scioto and Planting, are of Native American origin.
Native Americans today
According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a part of the US government, there are now about 550 tribes. These include well-known groups like the _avajo and _ioux, and less famous tribes like the Cayuse. The number of Native Americans living in the US is about 1.2 million.
Almost a million live on reservations, areas of land that the government has allowed them to keep as their own. Native Americans are US citizens, and have the rights and responsibilities of any US citizen. However, reservations have their own governments and police forces and Native Americans pay different taxes. They also have the right to hunt and fish where and when they like, while other Americans have to get a license.
On or off the reservations Native Americans find it difficult to live the traditional life. Activities of other Americans affect the way they live. Building dams across a river, for example, can affect the numbers of fish living there, so that even though Native Americans have the right to fish they may not be able to catch anything. Away from the reservations, many Native Americans find that their culture is very different from that of white people and have difficulty adapting.
Poverty is a serious problem. About 37% of people who live on reservations are unemployed, compared with 6% of the general population. Many tribes try to bring in money from outside. Some sell rights to search for oil on their reservation; others use the fact that the reservation makes its own rules to open casinos where people from outside can come and gamble. Gambling is illegal in most parts of the US and many Americans want it to remain so, but it makes a lot of money for the tribes. This brings Native Americans, once again, into conflict with white Americans.
Native Americans in the popular imagination
An American tradition dating back to early times is _hanksgiving. When the English arrived in Jamestown many died during the long cold winter, but in the following spring Native Americans showed them what local foods they could eat. In the autumn, well-prepared for the winter, settlers and Native Americans had a special dinner together, the first Thanksgiving, to thank God and the Native Americans for all the food they had.
Another story describes how the Native American princess _ocahontas saved the life of John _mith, the leader in Jamestown, when her father, _owhatan, wanted to kill him. She later married another Englishman, John Rolfe, and went to England with him. The story of Pocahontas is widely known and many Americans are proud to have her as an ancestor.
But Native Americans were more often seen by white settlers as the enemy. _esterns, i.e. films and books about the _ild West, use the threat from Indians as their central theme. In this context Native Americans are still called 'Indians'. Children often play 'cowboys and Indians' and pretend to kill each other. When _uffalo Bill, began touring the US with his Wild West show, the chief Sitting Bull was one of many Native Americans in it, and many people went to see this former great enemy.
Many Americans have an image of a 'typical Indian', a chief who lived in a teepee with his squaw (= wife), smoked a peace pipe after signing a treaty with the white man (whom he called pale face), sent smoke signals to communicate with people far away, and spoke broken English full of colorful expressions such as 'big heap wampum' (a lot of money) and 'speaks with forked tongue' (is lying). Most of these ideas have some basis in Native American culture, but it is wrong to put them all together and believe that that was how Native Americans lived.
Americans make such mistakes because they have little interest in Native Americans. Having succeeded in pushing them out of the way onto reservations, most Americans ignore them. This may be because the Native Americans who are left are living proof of a hard truth: America wants to be, and often is, a land where everyone has a chance and where the government behaves fairly and honestly to all, but this America is built on land stolen from the people who lived there first.
新托福閱讀背景知識：喬治華盛頓(1732-99)
George Washington (1732-99)
the first US _resident (1789-97), who had led its army to success in the _merican Revolution. He is called 'the Father of His Country'. The _ontinental Congress placed him in charge of the American forces in 1775. Although his army had a difficult and dangerous winter at _alley Forge, General Washington led them to several victories, including the final Battle of _orktown. He later gave his important approval for the _merican Constitution and was elected in 1789 as the country's first president. He supported a strong central government but disliked political party arguments. He was elected a second time, but refused to stand as a candidate for a third time and returned to his home at _ount Vernon.
Americans have always admired Washington as one of their best and most moral presidents. He is considered by many to have been the country's greatest leader and perhaps the only one who could have united the colonists during the American Revolution. Most people know the story of how as a boy he cut down his father's cherry tree and then admitted what he had done, saying, 'I cannot tell a lie.' The story may not be true but it is seen as a symbol of his honesty. Washington's fine personal qualities and fair politics were recognized during his life, and they seem even more impressive today. His memory is honored by the _ashington Monument and the names of the country's capital city, a state, many _ounties, government buildings, schools, streets, mountains, etc, and his image appears on the dollar note and the 25-cent coin.
Washington, DC (Washington, District of Columbia)
the capital city of the US, whose area covers the _istrict of Columbia. The place was chosen by George _ashington in 1790 and since 1800 the main departments of the US government have been there. It is known for its historical monuments and important buildings, including the _apitol, the _hite House (1), the _upreme Court, the _ational Archives, the _ibrary of Congress, the _mithsonian Institution, the _ational Gallery of Art and the _ennedy Center. About 66% of Washington's population are _frican Americans.
Washington Monument
a tall, thin monument on the _all (2) in _ashington, DC, built to honor the memory of George _ashington. It is 555 feet/169 meters high and made of white marble. Tourists can climb the 898 steps to the top, from which there are fine views of the city. The Monument took 40 years to build and was completed in 1888.
Jazz
Jazz is one of the greatest forms of music originating in the US. The names of its stars, who are mostly _frican Americans, are known around the world. Most people have heard of stars like Ella _itzgerald, 'Count' _asie, 'Duke' _llington and Louis _rmstrong. Winton _arsalis, who plays in the traditional style, is the best-known jazz musician today.
Jazz was begun in the _outh by African Americans. Many of its rhythms came from the work songs and spirituals (= religious songs) of black slaves. New Orleans Street bands first made jazz popular. Early forms of jazz created at the beginning of the 20th century were _agtime and the _lues. Ragtime musicians included the singer 'Jelly Roll' _orton and the composer and piano player Scott _oplin. Famous blues singers included Bessie _mith and later Billie _oliday. _ixieland developed from ragtime and the blues and made a feature of improvisation (= making up the music as it is being played), especially on the trumpet and saxophone. Dixieland stars included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechtel.
In the 1920s many African Americans moved north, taking jazz with them, and _hicago and New York became centers for the music. This was the beginning of the big band era. In the 1930s swing music came into fashion and people danced to jazz. Radio and the new recording industry helped to make it even more popular. The big bands were led by Basie, Ellington, Woody _erman, Glenn _iller and 'the King of Swing', Benny _oodman. In the 1940s there were new styles such as _ebop, developed by 'Dizzy' _illespie, Charlie 'Bird' _arker and Thelonious _onk. Freer forms like progressive jazz developed in the 1950s with stars including Stan _etz and Dave _rubeck. Cool jazz followed in the 1960s, led by Getz and Miles _avis. More recent styles have included funky jazz, jazz-rock and hip-hop jazz. Many jazz clubs, like the _otton Club, have now closed but others, like Preservation Hall in _ew Orleans, and Bird land in _anhattan, remain.
In Britain jazz attracts a small but enthusiastic audience. The height of its popularity was in the 1940s and 1950s, when large crowds gathered to hear big bands. British jazz has always been heavily influenced by US jazz. In the 1960s pop and rock music replaced jazz as the music of the young generation. There are now few jazz bands, although smaller combos (= groups) continue to play a wide range of trade (= traditional), bebop, cool and avant-garde jazz. The most famous British jazz musicians have included Johnny _ank worth and Cleo _ine, George Molly, Humphrey _ittleton and Courtney _ine. The home of jazz in Britain is Ronnie _cott's club in London.
新托福閱讀背景知識：美國歷史大事年表
美國歷史大事年表
1607.5 英國倫敦公司在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦建立第一個(gè)永久居留地。
1620.12.26 英國清教徒移民乘“五月花”號輪漂洋到達(dá)普利茅斯，在船上通過了五月花號公約。
1636.10.28 美國第一所大學(xué)——哈佛大學(xué)在馬薩諸塞的坎布里奇成立。
1740 丹麥人維特斯·白令受俄國人雇傭，抵達(dá)阿拉斯加進(jìn)行探險(xiǎn)。
1752.6.15 本杰明·富蘭克林在風(fēng)暴中放風(fēng)箏，證明閃電是一種電，并發(fā)明避雷針。
1765 英國頒布印花稅條例。因遭到抵制而在次年3月被廢除。
1767 英國頒布唐森德稅法。1770年廢除，只保留對茶的征稅。
1773.12.16 波士頓發(fā)生傾茶運(yùn)動(dòng)，以抗議茶葉條例。
1774.9.5 第一屆大陸會(huì)議在費(fèi)城召開，抗議英國的行為，呼吁人民起來斗爭。
1775.4.19 列克星敦和康科德人民對英軍進(jìn)行反抗，打響了美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭的第一槍。
1776.1.9 托馬斯·潘恩發(fā)表小冊子《常識》。
1776.7.4 大陸會(huì)議通過杰斐遜起草的《獨(dú)立宣言》草案。
1784.8.30 美國商船“中國皇后”號抵達(dá)中國的廣州進(jìn)行絲茶貿(mào)易，中美關(guān)系由此開始。
1784.9.21 美國第一份日報(bào)《賓夕法尼亞郵船和每日廣告》開始發(fā)行。
1786.12.26 馬薩諸塞州爆發(fā)由丹尼爾·謝斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的起義。
1787.5.25 制憲會(huì)議在費(fèi)城召開，草擬了新憲法。1789年3月4日，憲法正式生效。
1787.7.13 聯(lián)邦國會(huì)通過西北土地法令。
1789.4.30 美國聯(lián)邦政府成立，喬治·華盛頓就任第一屆美國總統(tǒng)。
1789.9.24 根據(jù)聯(lián)邦政府條例，最高法院成立。
1791.12.15 美國憲法增列十條修正案，即權(quán)利法案。
1792.4.2 美國國會(huì)通過造幣法，在費(fèi)城建造一座造幣廠。
1794.11.19 美國政府與英國政府簽定杰伊條約。
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